1. Describe the detailed anatomical and physiological process of hematopoiesis*.
ID: 3515809 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Describe the detailed anatomical and physiological process of hematopoiesis*. (*Be sure to include a description of colony stimulating factors) 2. Compare/Contrast the anatomical and physiological processes including clinical manifestations of leukocytosis vs. leukemia. Be sure to describe the four different types of leukemia, along with clinical manifestations, and current medical treatment protocols. 3. Provide a detailed explanation of the Philadelphia chromosome and chromosomal translocation in the manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at the cellular and molecular level. 4. Describe the biological molecular genetics and cellular physiology to treat CML, specifically in behind the use of the drug Gleevec Ph+CML patientsExplanation / Answer
1.The process of formation of different blood cell types from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)is called as hematopoiesis. HSCs can be found in bone marrow and they are self renewal.Multipotent HSCs give rise to common myeloid and common lymphoid progenitor. Common myeloid progenitor forms megakaryocyte,erythrocyte,mast cell and myeloblast. Megakaryocyte differentiates into thrombocytes. Myeloblast differentiares into eosinophil,basophil, neutrophil, monocyte and monocyte further differentiates into macrophages. Common lymphoid progenitor forms natural killer cells and small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes differentiate into T and B cell and B cell further differentiates into plasma cells. CFU -GEMM ( granulocyte monocyte macrophage colony forming unit) gives rise to white blood cells,platelets,erythrocyte and megakaryocyte. 2.Leukocytosis is increase number of total white blood cells. It may be of different types depending on the different blood cell type increase such as neutrophilia,eosinophilia,lymphocytosis, monocytosis. It may increase due to sterile inflammation or allergic skin diseases.Leukemia is blood cancer . It is of 4 types : chronic, acute,lymphocytic,myelogenous.Clinical symptoms are : tired, weight loss,fever or chills , frequent infections; treatments : targeted therapy,interferon therapy,chemotherapy, radiation therapy,surgery,stem cell transplantation . 3.Chromosomal structural aberration is called as translocation and it is of 2 types homologous and heterologous.Philadelphia chromosome occurs by heterologous reciprocal translocation. First described in Philadelphia in 1959 by David Hungerford. In this a short portion of q arm of chromosome 9 is translocated into q arm of chromosome 22. Philadelphia translocation develops chronic myelogenous leukemia or CML due to hybrid oncogene. The ABL1 region of chromosome 9 is inserted into BCR region of chromosome 22. This creates oncogenic BCR- ABL chimeric gene which promotes bcr-abl fusion protein that continuously express tyrosine kinase enzyme.The continuous protein expression activates cell proliferation leading to unregulated cell division and cancer. 4.Gleevec or imatinib is tyrosine kinase inhibitor which inhibits bcr-abl fusion protein.
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