1. Describe the difference between a primary metabolite and a secondary metaboli

Question

1. Describe the difference between a primary metabolite and a secondary metabolite. Make sure to provide a description and examples of primary metabolites. Name and describe the three classes of secondary metabolites and describe an example of each 2. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the various cell types that comprise the ground tissue 3. Explain the location and role of the endodermis in regulating the movement of substances into and out of the root's vascular cylinder. You must use, but are not limited to the following: Casparian strip, plasm endodermis, symplastic, apoplastic a membrane 4. Explain the biochemical events of the Calvin cycle 5. Compare and contrast C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis 6. Label and describe each step in the light-dependent reactions including all of the electron receptors 7. Explain the process by which cells and tissues are produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium Be specific as to the initials (including fusiform and ray initials) and their derivatives 8. Illustrate and describe, in general, the stem secondary growth process from primary to secondary 9. Describe in full detail ONE of the plant hormones discussed in class. Support your description by discussing the chemical nature, site of biosynthesis transport, effects, and practical uses. 10. Explain how eukaryotic cells are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells. You must use these words in your essay, but are not limited to them: endosymbiotic, enfolding, phagocytosis, mitochondrion, chloroplasts, eukaryotic, bacterial endosymbiont. 11. Compare and contrast the 3 Phyla of Fungi that were outlined in class

Explanation / Answer

Differences between primary and secondary metabolites-

1. Primary Metabolites are the substances required for the growth and development of the body whereas secondary metabolites are not required or such type of activities. These indirectly support the cell, in sustaining their life for a longer duration. In fact, these are the products of metabolism of primary metabolites.

2. Primary metabolites are synthesized during the growth phase of an organism and secondary metabolites are synthesized after the growth phase is over i.e in the stationary phase.

3. Primary metabolites are produced in large quantities, and their extraction is easy whereas secondary metabolites are produced in small quantities, and their extraction is difficult.

4. Primary metabolites are same in every organism whereas secondary metabolites vary among different species.

Examples of primary metabolites- Vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Examples of secondary metabolites-Phenolics, steroids, essential oils, alkaloids, steroids

Plant secondary metabolites can be divided into three chemically distinct classes-

1.Flavanoids phenolic and polyphenolic compounds- these act as antioxidants in plants and responsible for their colour.For example Luteolin, tannic acid

2. Terpenoids-for example azadirachtin, tetrahydrocannabinol.

3. Nitrogen-containing alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds.- for example, cocaine, caffeine, quinine

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