Select one or more of the following modern items or devices and conduct an Inter

Question

Select one or more of the following modern items or devices and conduct an Internet search in order to determine what specific material(s) is (are) used and what specific properties this (these) material(s) possess(es) in order for the device/item to function properly.

Finally, write a paragraph in which you report your findings.

Cell phone/digital camera batteries Cell phone displays Solar cells Wind turbine blades Fuel cells Automobile engine blocks (other than cast iron) Automobile bodies (other than steel alloys) Space telescope mirrors Military body armor Sports equipment Soccer balls Basketballs Ski poles Ski boots Snowboards Surfboards

please I need typing not hand writing

Explanation / Answer

Wind turbine blades:

Metals would be undesirable because of their vulnerability to fatigue. Ceramics have low fracture toughness, which could result in early blade failure. Traditional polymers are not stiff enough to be useful, and wood has problems with repeatability, especially considering the length of the blade. That leaves fiber-reinforced composites, which have high strength and stiffness and low density, as a very attractive class of materials for the design of wind turbines

The majority of current commercialized wind turbine blades are made from fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), which are composites consisting of a polymer matrix and fibers. The long fibers provide longitudinal stiffness and strength, and the matrix provides fracture toughness, delamination strength, out-of-plane strength, and stiffness. Material indices based on maximizing power efficiency, and having high fracture toughness, fatigue resistance, and thermal stability, have been shown to be highest for glass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs and CFRPs).

These materials have been choosen for the manufacture of wind turbine blades because of certain characteristics that the blades demand which are as follows:

Automobile cylinder block:

Functional Requirements of a Cylinder Block:
Because engine blocks are a critical component of an engine, it must satisfy a number of
functional requirements. These requirements include lasting the life of the vehicle, housing
internal moving parts and fluids, ease of service and maintenance, and withstand pressures
created by the combustion process.

Required Material Properties:
In order for an engine block to meet the functional requirements listed above, the
engineering material(s) used to manufacture the product must possess high strength, modulus of
elasticity, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance. High strength is a particular concern in
diesel engines, since compression ratios are normally 17.0:1 or higher (compared to about 10.0:1
for conventional engines). The material should also have a low density, thermal expansion (to
resist expanding under high operating temperatures), and thermal conductivity (to prevent failure
under high temperatures). Good machinability and castability of the metal alloy are also
important factors in selecting the proper material, as the harder it is to machine the product, the
higher the costs of manufacturing. In addition to the previously mentioned properties, the alloys
must possess good vibration damping to absorb the shuddering of the moving parts.

Magnesium Alloys:
Magnesium alloys have been used in engines before, but not for cylinder blocks. Rather,
they were used as valve covers, cylinder head covers, intake manifolds, rocker arm covers, air
intake adaptors, induction systems, and accessory drive brackets [15]. The biggest attraction for
manufacturers is that the material is much lighter than cast iron and aluminum alloys and has the
same strength as cast iron and aluminum alloys. Material scientists and engineers were
determined to exploit these characteristics of magnesium alloy and use it to fabricate engine
blocks. There were a number of magnesium alloys available that met or exceeded the
requirements demanded by manufacturers for an engine block, but insufficient material stability
at high temperatures hindered their actual use. However, in 2003 material scientists and
engineers from the Cooperative Research Center for Cast Metals Manufacturing and the
Australian Magnesium Corporation presented their discovery of sand-cast AMC-SC1
magnesium alloy. This grade of magnesium alloy contains two rare earth elements,
lanthanum and cerium, and was heat-treated with T6. This stabilizes the strength of the alloy at
high engine operating temperatures, which is a necessary requirement for a cylinder block
material. Bettles et al. had performed experiments to determine the yield and creep
strengths of AMC-SC1. The most significant point is that the yield strength of AMC-SC1 essentially stays the same at 177ºC as it does at room temperature. This means that the material is able to tolerate a wide range of
operating temperatures without a loss in strength. Other properties of the magnesium alloy include good thermal conductivity, excellent machining and casting qualities, and excellent damping characteristics.
To demonstrate the significant weight savings of magnesium alloy over cast iron and
aluminum alloy, consider BMW’s inline-6 R6, which replaced the company’s M54 aluminum engine. Its cylinder block is made of AMC-SC1 and is said to have decreased the weight of a comparably-built gray cast iron and aluminum alloy block by 57% and 24%. So far, BMW is the only company to have used magnesium alloy cylinder blocks in production vehicles. But, with a significant weight advantage over the current alloys used today and negligible increase in cost, other manufacturers will begin to consider the use of AMC-SC1
and possibly other grades of magnesium alloys for engine blocks.

Soccer balls:

NFHS approved balls meet the following criteria:

-The ball must be spherical.
-The outer casing must be leather or approved synthetic, and it must be weather/rain resistant.
-The circumference of the ball cannot be more than 28 inches nor less than 27 inches.
-The weight of the ball at the start of the game cannot be more than 16 ounces nor less than 14 ounces.

There are two main types of materials used to make soccer balls: PVC (Poly Vinyl Carbonate) and PU (Polyurethane).

PVC is more affordable and can be more durable than PU. Scuff-resistant PVC is generally used in training soccer balls. PVC is also used in indoor soccer balls, futsal balls and street soccer balls. PU is usually reserved for higher end match balls and premium match balls. A PU soccer ball is often softer than a PVC soccer ball. PU tends to have a better responsiveness off the foot. Note, all PU and all PVC soccer balls are not the same, there are different levels in quality of both PVC and PU and different ball construction techniques.

Glossy coatings are often used to aid in reducing water absorption and scuffing on softer PU soccer balls.

So three of the given list of items have been discussed and their materials for manufacture have been explained.

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