PLEASE ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -3 IN DETAIL. I AM SO CONFUSED 1. What is the differen

Question

PLEASE ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 -3 IN DETAIL. I AM SO CONFUSED

1. What is the difference between the two equations (p+q=1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 =1). At least 2 sentences, not more. {{2 pts}}

2. List at least five factors that violate the Hardy-Weinberg Principle {{3 pts}}

3. We are using beads to simulate alleles. In this process, we develop and test three models. In the first model, we examine one gene with a dominant and a recessive allele, each occurring at equal frequencies. In subsequent models, allele frequencies are altered to reflect different mechanisms at play. For each model, describe (a) main parameters of interest (i.e. allelic frequencies, population size, etc) (b) what you expect to observe over multiple generations, and (c) why you expect this result given how the model was set up or inherent assumptions. Part (a) for the 1st model has been provided as an example. {{5 pts}}

Model #/ allelic freq or population size

Expectation over generations of allele frequency/ratio (brief)           

Explanation (brief)

Model 1/ e.g. Equal allelic frequencies

Model 2/

Model 3/

Model #/ allelic freq or population size

Expectation over generations of allele frequency/ratio (brief)           

Explanation (brief)

Model 1/ e.g. Equal allelic frequencies

Model 2/

Model 3/

Explanation / Answer

Based on the given data,

1)

The equation p+q = 1, represents that a population has two alleles for a gene, so “p” represent one allele and “q” represent another allele. If the addition of two alleles gives one, then one can say that the population is in HW equilibrium.     

The equation p2 + 2pq + q2 =1, states that “p2” as a frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals. The square root of p2, gives “p.” The “q2” represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive individuals. The square root of q2, gives “q.” The 2pq is the frequency of the heterozygous individuals. If the addition of frequencies of homozygous dominant, recessive and heterozygous gives one, then one can say that the population is in HW equilibrium.     

2)

The five factors that violate the Hardy-Weinberg Principle are:

For example,

Genetic drift is the fluctuations in allele frequencies in gametes from generation to generation that occurs by chance. Genetic drift changes are found to be more accelerated if the population size moves towards reduction in size or shrink.

Inbreeding is the non-random mating among the populations that result in the prevalence of homozygous genotypes. It is not possible for evolutionary innovation to occur, until outbreeding replaces inbreeding.

Genetic drift and inbreeding are similar in some effects and are different too. They both encourage the homozygosity in the populations and commonly occur when the effective breeding population size is low.   The inbreeding promotes the frequency of homozygous alleles at the expense of heterozygotes. The genetic drift fixes an allele and thus producing a single homozygous group.

Gene flow refers to the introduction of new alleles into a population. So, Gene flow is accomplished by migration or movement of gametes or individuals form one population to another.

Mutations lead to genetic disorder and gives rise to variations. Mutation is a long-lasting change in the DNA sequence like inversion, deletion, transversions, and duplication which cannot be cured.
Natural selection is a natural and unguided process and it states that traits, which are advantageous to an individual, will help that individual reproduce more successfully, and thus the population will keep traits that are advantageous.

Traits that do not help an individual will likely lead to that individual not reproducing and that trait not showing up in subsequent generations. Darwin proposed the natural selection and his finches are categorized as the emblems of evolution.

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