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6. We know that the phenotype of the plant, from the cellular, to tissue, to whole plant, is the result of the interactions of the genotype of the plant and the environment where it is growing Choose one developmental transition stage and discuss the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the transition and therefore the phenotype observedExplanation / Answer
A good example of environmental influence on plant epigenetical dynamics is flowering of plant especially in case of vernaization. In many plant species, the timing of this transition is determined by seasonal changes that are sensed by the plant. Photoperiod and temperature are two of the main environmental cues that plants monitor to determine the correct time to flower. Vernalization is the process by which prolonged exposure to cold temperatures promotes flowering.
The requirement of winter annuals and biennials for vernalization means that they will be exposed to freezing temperatures during winter and must be freezing tolerant. The process of preparing to withstand cold is known as cold acclimation.
Without a nervous system and brain to provide memory, plants must rely on a cellular memory to remember seasonal change. Cellular memory has a crucial role in development and differentiation in many organisms. Tissue-specific and developmental-stage-specific gene expression is often achieved through histone modifications, the so-called histone code. Localized hetero-chromatin formation caused by a series of histone modifications often accounts for the epigenetic regulation of genes in many situations ecent results indicate that the cellular memory of vernalization results from an altered FLC chromatin structure.
It has been proposed that the pathways that lead to cold acclimation involve sensing changes in membrane fluidity, Ca+2 fluxes and cascades of phosphorylation. Ca2+ fluxes or protein phosphorylation are often sufficient to repress or induce some cold-acclimation genes.
At the molecular level, flowering is repressed by the protein Flowering Locus C (FLC), which binds to and represses genes that promote flowering, thus blocking floweringinter annual ecotypes of Arabidopsis have an active copy of the gene FRIGIDA (FRI), which promotes FLC expression, thus repression of floweringrolonged exposure to cold (vernalization) induces expression of VERNALIZATION INSENSTIVE3, which interacts with the VERNALIZATION2 polycomb-like complex to reduce FLC expression through chromatin remodelingThe epigenetic silencing of FLC by chromatin remodeling is also thought to involve the cold-induced expression of antisense FLC COOLAIRor COLDAIR transcriptsVernalization is registered by the plant by the stable silencing of individual FLC loci.
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