Please print out the case study and hand write you answers on the sheets. Emaile
ID: 3515786 • Letter: P
Question
Please print out the case study and hand write you answers on the sheets. Emailed or typed case studies will NOT be accepted. You may work in groups but you CANNOT turn in identical papers. BIOL 2402 CASE STUDY 2 Name Group Period (Sectiorn) Sofia Martinez is a 19-year-old sophomore majoring in pre-medicine at the University of Arizona. In the past few weeks leading up to final exams, Allison has felt unusually tired despite receiving an adequate amount of sleep at night. She also has had frequent headaches, and has experienced times when her heart 'felt like it was missing a beat. She has noticed lightheadness and blurred vision at times. Friends sometimes comment that she looks "pale and tired: Yesterday at lunch, Sofia fainted while waiting in line in the cafeteria. Initially, she attributed this episode to being unusually tired and hungry, but later in the day she fainted again while waiting to mail a package at the Post Office. Both times she collapsed to the floor but recovered spontaneously. When Sofia informed her mother about what had happened that day, her mother immediately scheduled an appointment for Sofia to see the family physician.Explanation / Answer
Ans.10.
Blood Pressure equation:
BP = CO × VR
Where, BP = Blood Pressure, CO = Cardiac Output, PVR = Peripheral Vascular Resistance.
In the above equation, Peripheral vascular resistance is factor of Blood viscosity, Blood vessel diameter/radius and Blood vessel length. Hence, if blood is more viscous then resistance will be more due to which blood pressure will be more. If blood vessel radius is less, resistance will be more due to which blood pressure will increase (Resistance = 1/r^4, where 'r' is radius of blood vessel). If blood vessel length is more, resistance will be more. Hence, more the resistance, more is the blood pressure and vice versa.
Cardiac output (Q) is the function of Stroke volume(SV) and heart rate (HR).
Q = SV × HR, an increase in heart rate or stroke volume or both will increase the cardiac output. If cardiac output increases, blood pressure also increases and vice versa.
Blood pressure also depends upon stress hormones such as cortisol. These hormones causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels due to which radius of vessels decrease which causes increase resistance to the flow of blood and hence leads to increase blood pressure.
Blood pressure gets lowered in standing position as compared to while sitting or in supine position. Blood pressure is highest in supine position when compared to other positions.
Rate of blood flow back to the heart is called as venous return. EDV is called as End Diastolic Volume, it is the volume of blood in the right or left or both ventricle at the end of diastole.
Due to change in body position the venous return and blood pressure changes. When a person stands up suddenly from supine position, the venous return decreases because venous volume and pressure becomes high at feet and in lower limbs because of this less blood reaches heart and hence decrease in venous return. Less venous return will lead to less right ventricular stroke volume this will further lead to less left ventricular stroke volume because of reduced pulmonary venous return to left atrium. This causes less cardiac output and decrease in arterial blood pressure.
Ans. 12.
On observing the symptoms and diagnosis of Sofia, she might be suffering from Orthostatic hypotension or Syncope.
Increased salt intake and proper rehydration can be advised as a treatment plan for Sofia. Other treatment like pacemaker can be inserted to treat slow heart beat in Sofia which is causing Syncope. Medications can be given to control irregular heart rhythms. Electric shock can be delivered to heart to restore normal heart rhythm. Catheter ablation can be done to destroy abnormal cells in heart causing irregular heart rhythm.
Lifestyle changes:
Sofia should avoid standing for long time.
She should get up slowly from a sitting position.
She has to avoid dehydration and she has to consume more fluids.
She has to avoid caffeine and alcohol.
She should avoid taking heavy meal because blood pressure drops after heavy meal. Instead she can take small and frequent meals.
She should wear compression stockings to prevent pooling of blood in lower limbs.
She should consume salty foods.
Related Questions
drjack9650@gmail.com
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.