6) Please list and provide a brief description for all of the major functions of
ID: 3512705 • Letter: 6
Question
6) Please list and provide a brief description for all of the major functions of the skeletal system. (10pts)
8) Please identify and provide a brief description of all cells found in bone. (5pts)
9) Please provide in a comparison/contrast format, the two methods the body uses for growing bone. Be specific and detailed in your answer. (15 pts)
10) Please review the healing of a simple bone fracture. Be complete and detailed in your answer. (15 pts)
10) Explain the tensile and compaction strength of bone. Be complete and detailed in your answer. (10pts)
Provide a description of all tissues involved in healing, for a 69 year old woman that has a compound fracture of the ribs on the right side of the thoracic cavity, and suffers from severe osteoporosis. Please attempt a prognosis and clinical outcome.
Explanation / Answer
6 ans. Bones and cartilage together is termed as skeletal system. Skeletal system performs the following functions:
8 Ans. In the bones 4 different types of cells are found in the body.
9 Ans. METHODS FOR DEVELOPING BONES
There are two methods of bone development. A) intramembranous method B) endochondrial method.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS METHOD:
In this method bones are formed from fibrous membrane in the flat bones. It is involved in the formation of flat bones such as skull, mandible, clavicle. The mesenchymal cells forms the template, which differentiates into osteoblasts at the ossification ceentre. Osteoblasts secrete extracellular matrix and deposit the calcium that hardenss the matrix. The non mineralised portion continues to form spongy bone around blood vessels. It doenot involve cartilage
ENDOCHONDRIAL METHOD:
In this method the bone is formed from long bone cartilage. It is developed from hyaline cartilage. All bones except flat bones are formed by this method. N this , chondrocytes form a template of hyalin cartilage diaphysis. On receiving signals bone matrix starts calcification. Calcification prevents diffusion of nutrients into matrix which results in opening up of cavities in diaphysis because of the death of chondrocytes. Blood vessels invade the cavities. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts breakdowns some of the spongy bone to create a marrkw. Dense irregular connective tissue forms periosteum around the bones.
10 Ans. Fracture is the break in the structure continuity of the bone. Fracture healing is of two types. A) primary or direct healing by internal remodelling B) secondary or indirectby callus formation.
The following steps are involved inthe healing
INFLAMMATION - After fracture, inflammation starts rapidly,. Initiallt hematoma forms, which releases cytokinenis and increase blood capillary permeability. All cells in blood clot die and degenerate. Granular tissue gradually replaces hematoma
SOFT CALLUS FORMATION - pain and swelling decreases and leads to the formation of soft callus. This stage is charactersed by the formation of callus. Progenitor cells are stimulated to form osteoblasts. Away from the fracture gap, intramembranous appositional bone growth starts which fills the inramedullary canal. Near the fracture gap, mesenchymal Progenitor cells proliferate and migrate to callus forming chondrocytes.
HARD CALLUS FORMATION- After linking of fractured bones with soft callus, hard callus formation begins. Soft tissue within the gap undergoes endochronal ossification. Hard callus bone formation starts peripherraly and continues to the centre. By endochonal ossification soft tissue is replaced by woven bone which gradually joins original cortex.
REMODELLING- starts when fracture has solidified. Woven bone is slowly repaced by lamellar bone through surface erosion and surface remodeling. It lasts until the bone is completely returned to its original morphology
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