1. What are the four diffuse modulating systems (refer to book)? How are they na
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Question
1. What are the four diffuse modulating systems (refer to book)? How are they named/characterized? What happens when there are deficiencies in communication within the system?
b. Describe the hypotheses for why we sleep. What are the benefits of REM vs deep (stage 4) cycles of sleep?
c. Describe Process S and C, and how the balance between them both drives sleep and wakefulness.
d. How is mood different than emotion?
e. What is one common cause for depression and give one example for how it can be clinically treated?
Explanation / Answer
Ans.1. Diffuse modulating systems of brain:
The core of each system has a small set of neurons (several thousand). Neurons these systems arise from the central core of the brain, most of them from the brain stem. Each neuron can affect many others, becuase each one has an axon that may contact more than 100,000 postsynaptic neurons spread widely across the brain. The Synapses of many of these systems release transmitter molecules into the extracellular fluidCollections of neurons that each use a particulart NT and perform regulatory functions. Motor control, memory, mood, motivation, metabolic state. Implicated in many psychiatric disorders
Types:
1. Locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)
2. Raphe nuclei (serotonin)
3. Substantic nigra and ventral tegmental area (dopamine)
4. Basal forebrain (acetylcholine)
Ans b. Sleep
Why we sleep:
Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone. Pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes.
2 types of sleep-
A. REM sleep has 4 stages
Stage 1 is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. During this stage, many people experience sudden muscle contractions preceded by a sensation of falling.
In stage 2, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves. The body begins to prepare for deep sleep, as the body temperature begins to drop and the heart rates slows.
When a person enters stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves. This is deep sleep. It is during this stage that a person may experience sleepwalking, night terrors, talking during one’s sleep, and bedwetting. These behaviors are known as parasomnias, and tend to occur during the transitions between non-REM and REM sleep.
In stage 4, deep sleep continues as the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively. People roused from this state feel disoriented for a few minutes.
B. REM sleep: During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, brain waves mimic activity during the waking state. The eyes remain closed but move rapidly from side-to-side, perhaps related to the intense dream and brain activity that occurs during this stage.
Ansc. sleep-wakefullness cycle
The sleep-wakefullness cycle, is regulated by two separate biological mechanisms in the body, which interact together and balance each other. This model, first posited by the Swiss sleep researcher Alexander Borbély in the early 1980s, is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are:
1.circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the regulation of the body’s internal processes and alertness levels (including the circadian drive for arousal and circadian alerting system), which is governed by the internal biological or circadian clock;
2.sleep-wake homeostasis, or Process S, the accumulation of hypnogenic (sleep-inducing) substances in the brain, which generates a homeostatic sleep drive.
Ans. d. Difference between emotions and moods?
Emotions are short-lived feelings that come from a known cause, while moods are feelings that are longer lasting than emotions and have no clear starting point of formation. Emotions can range from happy, ecstatic, sad and prideful, while moodsare either positive or negative.
Ans.d Causes of Depression
The causes of depression are not fully understood and may not be down to a single source. Depression is likely to be due to a complex combination of factors that include:
Treatment:
Depression is a treatable mental illness. There are three components to the management of depression:
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