1. What are the basic components of cell membranes? How does a membrane create a
ID: 48800 • Letter: 1
Question
1. What are the basic components of cell membranes? How does a membrane create a semi-impermeable barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell?
2. What types of molecules can freely cross a membrane and which types require channels or transporters? Which types of transport require energy and why?
3. What types of cellular processes do antibiotics affect? How has the misapplication of antibiotics led to the antibiotic resistance? How does affect the use of antibiotics today?
4. What is the most basic purpose of Mitosis and the cell cycle? How does the cell control these processes? What are checkpoints and apoptosis?
5. What are the stages of Mitosis and the cell cycle? You don’t need to memorize the different stages of each process but I want you do understand major purpose of each process. What is happening to the genetic material (chromosomes) at each stage of these processes?
6.Why is understanding the cell cycle and mitosis important for developing cancer treatments? How do cancer treatments affect this process?
Explanation / Answer
1. Cell membrane is a structure that the cell from stress and strain. This gives a mechanical action to the cell. It also protects the inner components of the cell. The main componenets of the cell are liphids, proteins and carbohydrates. LIpids are arranged in the form of fluid mosaic model. This doesnot allow the ions to move inside and outside.
2. transport of molecules across a selective membrane can occur in two ways active and passive. The active transport require channels and transporters and require energy for the movement.
Eg: proteins, amino acids, nutients etc.
passive transport donot require energy like oxygen and carbondioxide.
3. Antibiotics are used to resist the growth of the microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and virus that cause disease and infections. They arrest the active growth and cell cycle. Correct and appropriate antibiotic should be used to a person based on the infection caused or else the antibiotic used kills the other organism than the infectious organisma nd makes that bacteria to become resistant. Eg: pencillin, Chloramphinicol etc.
4. Cell cycle is agroup of events like G1, S , G2 and M phases that ables the cell to divide and multiply its number and the components. In mitosis the cell divides and gives rise to two daughter nuclei. This process is simple in prokaryotes than the eukaryotes and need cell cycle controllers. they are very important in the DNA repair, DNA replication.
Cell cycle checkpoints are the controllers to check whether the cell is spending the exact time in each phase and its DNA is replicating correctly. Apoptosis is cell death and is programmed.
5. Cell cycle is agroup of events like G1, S , G2 and M phases that ables the cell to divide and multiply its number and the components.
G1 : Growth and adopting to the environment.
S: indicates synthesis of the molecules
G2: Also growth and preparation of the components required for the mitosis. Breakdown of nuclear membrane.
Mitosis: Prophase: Condensation of the chromosome and appear as chromatids and fromation of spindle fibres.
Metaphase: Spindle fibres attches to the chromatids and seggrettate to the poles. Formation of equitorial plate.
Anaphase: Centromers divide and move to oppsite poles.
Telophase: Nuclear membrane formation and chromatids rearrange as chromosome.
6. Cancer a tumour that spreads through out the body if not controlled. this is due to the incorrect replication of the DNA and mutations during cell cycle. There should be treatment to control this proliferated cell growth by the wrong cells. In this process there is also a chance of death of healthy cells.
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