Pre-La b Name: 13. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves &Reflexes; and the l. The two part

Question

Pre-La b Name: 13. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves &Reflexes; and the l. The two parts of the central nervous system are the 2. List two functions performed by the spinal cord. b. What makes up the gray and the white matter in the central nervous system? Gray: White: 3. 4. In the spinal cord, ascending and descending tracts are found in the The three meninges, from superficial to deep are the Dura mate the and the-pi.. - m of the vertebral column. Spinal cord is present in The spinal nerves exit the column through the

Explanation / Answer

1. The two components of the central nervous system are the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the meninges. Brain processes sensory information is transmitted by the spinal cord. Linked cavities form a network in the brain. This network, known as cerebral ventricles of the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, and is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. CSF surrounds, cushions the brain, and provides nutrients to it. It protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma.

Option is brain, spinal cord.

2. Functions of spinal cord are:

I) It conducts sensory information from sensory receptors of somatic and autonomous peripheral nervous system to the brain.

ii) It conducts motor information from the brain to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands and other effectors. This allows the effector organs to perform a function. It is a minor reflex center.

3. Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is made up of white and grey matter. In spinal cord, white matter surrounds the grey matter inside. In brain of mammals, grey matter surrounds the white matter.

White Matter: Bundles of axons each coated with a myelin sheath. These axons connect different parts of grey matter to each other.

Grey Matter: Mass of cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals or neurons. It contains all axon terminals.

3. Spinal tracts are stimulatory nerve pathways that transmit information through generation of action potentials. There are two tracts: ascending and descending tract. Both tracts are found in the white matter and are composed of myelinated nerve fibers. Ascending tracts or somatosensory tracts link the spinal cord with the higher centers in the brain. Descending tracts send motor signals from brain to lower motor neurons that innervate muscles for movement.

Option is white matter.

4. The meninges are made up of three layers: dura matter, arachnoid matter and the pia matter. Dura matter is the outermost layer, lying beneath the skull bones and vertebral column and is vascularised. Arachnoid matter lies just below dura matter and made up of connective tissue. It lacks blood vessels and nerves. Pia matter is a thin layer located beneath the sub-arachnoids space. It is highly vascularised and supplies blood to underlying neural tissue.

5. The spinal cord is located from the foramen magnum to the first or second lumbar vertebrae of the vertebral column. It is surrounded by the meninges. Vertebral column protects the spinal cord. The spinal cord itself terminates at the medullary cone.

Option is vertebral foramen.

6. The spinal nerves exist the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina at vertebral segments corresponding to the spinal segment. Intervertebral foramina are openings between adjacent vertebrae and are located just in front of the facet joints.

Option is intervertebral foramina.

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