Note that some short answer questions may have more answers than are required. I

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Note that some short answer questions may have more answers than are required. If you provide additional correct answers, you will be given additional points. However, if you provide additional incorrect answers, you will be given additional deductions. It is not recommended that you supply additional answers, unless you are certain those answers are correct. The following are true/false statements. If the statement is true, place a T in the blank to the left of the statement, if the statement is place an F in the blank. a. Osteoporosis affects only the density of bones. b. The clinical definition of osteoporosis is at least 2.5 standard deviations below normal bone mass, as defined by a young adult standard. c. Osteopenia is low bone mass, but not as bad as osteoporosis. d. Except for bone loss associated with menopause, men and women gain and lose bone mass at approximately the same rates at various stages of life. e. Bisphosphonate drug therapy fights osteoporosis primarily by increasing bone formation rate. f. Primary osteoarthritis is insidious, but believe to be due to chronic overload/overuse. g. Osteoarthritis is associated with aging, obesity, athletics and socio-economic status. h. Fibrillation is the vibration of the cartilage surface caused by joint motion. j. Fissures are deep cracks in the cartilage matrix. j. The joint capsule and synovium are unaffected by osteoarthritis. k. Cartilage water content decreases and proteoglycan content increases with osteoarthritis. Name at least three (3) indirect causes of Osteoporosis. Name three (2) ways to diagnose osteoporosis without X-rays, CT or DEXA!

Explanation / Answer

1.

a.T

b.T

c.T

d.T.

e.F.Biphosphate drug therapy fights osteoporosis by initiating osteoclasts cell death ,thereby reducing bone loss.

f.T

g.T

h.F . Fibrillation is the irregular and rapid contraction of muscle fibres.

i.T

j.F. Both synovium and joint capsule become inflammed due to osteoarthritis.

k.F. Cartilage water content increases and proteoglycan content decreases with osteoarthritis.

2. Indirect causes of osteoporosis is :

3. The three ways to diagnose osteoporosis without X rays, CT or DEXA are:

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