1. Explain how unique proteins and lipids are targeted to the primary lysosome a
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Question
1. Explain how unique proteins and lipids are targeted to the primary lysosome and what prevents these proteins from destroying the cell.2. Explain how the preassembled carbohydrate tree is assembled and then covalently linked to a protein in the endomembrane system, and later modified in the endomembrane system.
3. Explain what cytoskeletal system is involved in the movement of proteins and lipids to make the primary lysosome.
4. What is the name of the enzyme that digests: a) lipids, b) proteins, c) nucleic acids? 1. Explain how unique proteins and lipids are targeted to the primary lysosome and what prevents these proteins from destroying the cell.
2. Explain how the preassembled carbohydrate tree is assembled and then covalently linked to a protein in the endomembrane system, and later modified in the endomembrane system.
3. Explain what cytoskeletal system is involved in the movement of proteins and lipids to make the primary lysosome.
4. What is the name of the enzyme that digests: a) lipids, b) proteins, c) nucleic acids? 1. Explain how unique proteins and lipids are targeted to the primary lysosome and what prevents these proteins from destroying the cell.
2. Explain how the preassembled carbohydrate tree is assembled and then covalently linked to a protein in the endomembrane system, and later modified in the endomembrane system.
3. Explain what cytoskeletal system is involved in the movement of proteins and lipids to make the primary lysosome.
4. What is the name of the enzyme that digests: a) lipids, b) proteins, c) nucleic acids?
Explanation / Answer
1.primary lysosomes donot contain materials for intracellular digestion and secondary lysosomes contain materials that are undergoing digestion or already have been digested.lysosomes are responsible for the digestion of both extracellular and intracellular materials.Digestion of materials can be classified into autophagy and heterophagy.During autophagy ,sequestration begins with the formation of a phagopore.phagopore form de novo in the cytoplasm from a cup shaped membrane that expands into a double membrane bound autophagosome surrounding a portion of the cytoplasm. The autophagosome may fuse with an endosome.The product of the endosome autophagosome fusion is called as amphisome.The completed autophagosome or amphisome fuses with a lysosome,which supplies acid hydrolases.The enzymes in the resulting compartment, an autolysosome,break down the inner membrane from the autophagosome and degrade the materials. The resulting macromolecules are released and recycled in the cytoplasm.
2.N linked oligosaccharide chains on proteins are altered as the proteins pass through Golgi cisternae en route from the ER.Further modifications gives two broad categories of N linked oligosaccharides I.e the complex oligosaccharide and high mannose oligosaccharide. High mannose oligosaccharide have no new sugars added to them in the golgi apparatus .They contain two N acetyl glucosamine as well as variable number of galactose and sialic acid residues in some cases fucose.The complex oligosaccharide are generated by both removal of existing sugars and addition of new sugars.
3.cytoskeletal system involves microtubules, kinesis and dyneins,cilia,flagella,centriole ,actin filaments where spontaneous initiation is kinetically unfavourable. Two classes of proteins were identified: spontaneous nucleation and nucleate action assembly. These proteins ,commonly referred to as actin nucleating proteins,are the actin related protein -2/3(Arp2/3) and formins.The Arp2 and Arp3 and five other proteins (p40,p35,p19,p18 and p14) form a complex of 220kDa called Arp2/3 complex. This complex has been found in all eukaryotes and is highly conserved across species.The complex binds to the sides of existing filaments and initiates polymerization of a new filament at a 70 degrees angle from the existing filaments. Intracellular trafficking by promoting the biogenesis and transport of cargoes.Actin dynamics and tubular proteins plays essential roles in macroautophagy.Thus every cytoskeletal system is connected primary lysosome.
4.lipids get digested by the enzyme lipase that breakdown to form fatty acis and glycerol molecule.
Proteins are degraded by the enzyme proteases.
Nucleic acids are digested by the enzyme nucleases I.e DNase or RNase.
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