Nervous System (answer them all with \"just few words no need for details\" and

Question

Nervous System (answer them all with "just few words no need for details" and I will rate you.

1-What are the three key senses of the hypothalamus? What did we call the hypothalamus in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature? What endocrine gland is regulated by the hypothalamus?

2-The pineal gland secretes hormones that regulate circadian rhythms. Melatonin is the primary hormone that regulates these cyclical processes in the human body. How is its secretion regulated? Are plasma levels of melatonin high or low in the daytime? How could you induce sleep during the day without ingestion of any chemicals or medicine?

3-What are the neurotransmitters involved in mood? Anxiety? Pharmacologically, how is altered mood (i.e., depression) treated? Can you explain the mechanism of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) example provided? Pharmacologically, how is anxiety treated? Can you explain the mechanism of the benzodiazepine example provided?

Explanation / Answer

Answer:

1. a. The three key senses of the hypothalamus are thirst, hunger and body temperature.

b. The hypothalamus is more commonly called the body's thermostat since it regulates body temperature in response to internal and external stimuli.

c. Hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland.

2. a. Secretion of melatonin is regulated by norepinephrine by increasing the levels of cAMP in the cell and initiating the downstream signaling event via the beta adrenergic receptors.

b. Plasma levels of melatonin is low since noradrenaline ceases to act during daytime.

c. Blue light inhibits the action of melatonin and thus blue light from the sun keeps us awake and alert during daytime. Wearing googles which blocks blue light can help in inducing sleep during daytime without ingestion of any chemicals or medicine.

3. a. Neurotransmitters involved in mood are Serotonin, Dopamine, GABA and Norepinephrine.

b. Neurotransmitters involved in anxiety are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin and norepinephrine.

c. Altered mood (depression) is treated with antidepressants such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), etc.

d. SSRIs are selective to serotonin and act by increasing the levels of serotonin in th brain. It inhibits reuptake of serotonin in the brain, thereby increasing their availability.

Examples of SSRIs include citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, etc.

e. Anxiety can be treated with benzodiazepine which enhances the brain tranquilizing neurotransmitters (GABA). Certain anxiety disorders are better treated with SSRIs.

f. Benzodiazepine acts by enhancing the effect of GABA (brain's tranquilizing neurotransmitter) which is responsible for reducing the activity of neurons that cause stress and anxiety.

Examples include alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, etc.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse N
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.