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Q1/ Each time the heart beats, the contracting muscle generates potentials. The 1 mV resulting signal can be picked up on the skin on the chest or limbs, using electrodes. The signal is known as the electrocardiogram (ECG). Fig. 1 shows the ECG of an individual with the characteristic P, Q, R, S and T feature points.
Discuss relevant anatomical and physiological issues related to Figure 1 (include in your answer structures related to the generation of the ECG as well as discuss 3 examples of cardiac pathology in an ECG such as atrial fibrillation.
0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 50 100 150 200 ato 300 350 400 450 500 Sample points Fig. 1 the Electrocardiogram of an individual with the characteristic points (P, Q, R, S and T)Explanation / Answer
Heart cells are able to Contract on their own. The cells of sinoauricular node near superior venacava can generate an electrical impulse.
The current flows across atria to auriculo ventricular node and takes a moment for contraction before ventricles being initiated.
Then the electrical impulse travels to the bundle of his and from there to the right and left branches and then to ventricles.
Small amount of electricity is passed to the body surface and is measured and recorded on electrocardiograph called ECG.
The waves of ECG are measured as PQRST
P wave indicates the atria Depolarization.
PR interval indicates the time required for atrial Depolarization plus the time needed for travel of impulse through AV node to ventricles.
QRS complex indicates the Depolarization of ventricles.
T Wave indicates Repolarization of ventricles.
Pathology of heart: Absence of P waves with irregular QRS indicates Atrial fibrillation.
Absence of P wave with wide QRS complex indicates ventricular tachycardia.
A saw tooth pattern with QRS indicates Atrial flutter.
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