The connection space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrite of a

Question

The connection space between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrite of another cell is called: A. a synapse B. a neurotransmitter C. a myelin sheath D. both B and C Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthase complexes in their membranes? A. complexes and lysosomes B. mitochondria and chloroplasts C. and vesicles D. and vesicles E. all of the above Which of these processes A fermentation B. citric acid cycle C. glycolysis D. both A and B E. both A and C complexity? which gives the correct sequence of increasing organizational A. organ, tissue, cell, organ system, organism B. cell, organ, organ system, tissue, organism C. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, D. organism, tissue, organ system, organ E, tissue, cell, organ system, organ Which process produces alcohol in yeast or lactate in humans? A. the citric acid cycle B. glycolysis system C. the electron transport D. fermentation E. pyruvate oxidation Which is true of the semicircular canals? acute cells A. the point of the eye at which color vision is most bipolar and the iris B. the part of the eye that contains rods, cones and bipolar cells C. the part of the lens the part of the choroid coat of the eye that is attached and the iris D. the part of the inner ear that movement with hair cells that are stimulated by sound movement E. the internal part of the cochlea Waves

Explanation / Answer

Ans 74: A

Synapse is the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite and cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. Tiny gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites and cell body of the next neuron.

While neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

Ans 75: B

Chloroplast is mainly responsible for photosynthesis and is also similar to mitochondria. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria function to generate metabolic energy evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genetic systems and replicate by division. ATP synthase is an important enzyme which produces energy storage molecule called as ATP. ATP also called as energy currency of cells. It is formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and needs energy for its formation.

Ans 76: E

In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Glycolysis is an anaerobic process because it does not require oxygen. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for every glucose molecules that is broken down

The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is fermentation. Fermentation is the anaerobic (non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking down glucose. In fermentation the only energy extraction pathway is glycolysis with one or two extra reactions tacked on at the end.

The major difference between anaerobic and aerobic conditions is the requirement of oxygen. Anaerobic processes do not require oxygen while aerobic processes do require oxygen. The Krebs cycle is not that simple. It is a part of a complex multi-step process called cellular respiration. Although the use of oxygen is not directly involved in the Krebs cycle, it is considered an aerobic process. The citric acid cycle also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms for the release of stored energy via oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Ans 77 : C

Cells: Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. They serve a specific function within the organism. Examples are blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.

Tissues: are made up of cells that are similar in structure and function and which work together to perform a specific activity. Examples include blood, nervous, bone, etc. Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve.

Organs: made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity. Examples are heart, brain, skin, etc.

Organ Systems: Are the groups of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function for the organism. Examples are circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, etc.

Organisms: Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes. And they can take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce. Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only one cell such as bacteria or protist. Examples are bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower and human.

Ans 78: D

The energy which is released is used by the yeast for growth and activity. In bread dough where the oxygen supply is limited, the yeast can only partially breakdown the sugar. Alcohol and carbon dioxide are produced in this process known as alcoholic fermentation.

During exercise breathing increase to supply more oxygen to muscles. The body generates energy via aerobic respiration. But, when energy requirement increases body generayes energy via anaerobically. This energy comes from glucose through a process called glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down or metabolized into a substance called pyruvate through a series of steps. When the body has plenty of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled to an aerobic pathway to be further broken down for more energy. But when oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate which allows glucose breakdown and thus energy production continues. The working muscle cells can continue this type of anaerobic energy production at high rates for one to three minutes, during which time lactate can accumulate to high levels. A form of anaerobic respiration used in humans when cells are depleted of oxygen and have to resort to other processes to convert glucose to ATP. Lactic acid fermentation produces a fraction of the ATP necessary, two molecules per glucose molecule compared to the usual 36 produced from aerobic respiration when oxygen is present. And also, lactic acid is produced that cause muscle pain during exercise.

Ans 79: D

In the inner ear the balance system consists of three semicircular canals that contain fluid and sensors that detect rotational movement of the head. The semicircular canals present at a different angle and is situated at a right angle to each other. The semicircular canals results in different movement: up-and-down, side-to-side and tilting from one side to the other. All contain sensory hair cells that are activated by movement of inner ear fluid. When head moves, hair cells in the semicircular canals send nerve impulses to the brain by way of the acoustic nerve. The nerve impulses are processed in the brain to help us know where we are in space or if we are moving. The ends of the semicircular canals connect with the utricle, and the utricle connects with the saccule. The semicircular canals provide information about movement of the head. The sensory hair cells of the utricle and saccule provide information to the brain about head position when it is not moving. The utricle is sensitive to change in horizontal movement.

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