PLease answer these questions with in-text ciatation and please put a list of th

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PLease answer these questions with in-text ciatation and please put a list of the reference you use at the buttom

1. Find one example of a genetically modified bacterium used to benefit humans. Provide the genus and species, and briefly discuss the primary uses. You may use one of the examples above or find your own example, but the organism must be genetically engineered or altered.

2. Is it ethical to use genetically modified bacteria? Why or why not?

3. Would you be willing to use medicine or other products that are created by genetically modified bacteria? Why or why not?

4. When a new organism is created in a lab, the scientist responsible for the discovery can patent the new organism. What ethical concerns surround the idea of owning the patent on a living organism?

Explanation / Answer

Pantoea agglomerans is a genetically modified bacteria that prevents mosquito from transmitting malaria. Pantoea agglomerans, was modified to secrete proteins toxic to the malaria parasite, but the toxins do not harm the mosquito or humans.According to a study published by PNAS, the modified bacteria were 98 percent effective in reducing the malaria parasite burden in mosquitoes. (source : jhsph.edu)

3.

2. Ethical issues related with use of genetically modified bacteria ( halleyhosting.com)

5. Concerns the release of GMOs to the environment may be irreversible.

9. May creat a monopoly and dependence on the companies that create these transgenic species. Such technologies are protected by patents

3. If they do not have long term effects on my health then yes I would be using medicines from genetically modified bacteria.

4 .Some of the ethical arguments that are commonly expressed when supporting patenting of biotechnology inventions are:

* Patent law regulates inventiveness, not commercial uses of inventions

* Patenting promises useful consequences (e.g. new products/research)

* Other countries support patents, so our country needs to if the biotechnology industry is to compete

* If patenting is not permitted, useful information will become trade secrets

* Patenting rewards innovation

The arguments against patenting include:

* Metaphysical concerns about promoting a materialistic conception of life

* Patenting promotes inappropriate human control over information that is common heritage

* Some countries do not permit similar patents

* Patenting produces excessive burdens on medicine (increased costs to consumers, payment of royalties for succeeding generations)

* Increased use of animals means more animal research which may be against animal welfare. (Source: eubios.info)

1.Improve health of human population by providing cheap medicines (like insulin). 1. Recombinant DNA may be spread to other plant species (via pollen or cuttings) with unknown effects. 2. Decrease use of pesticides, herbicides, and use of animals in testing product safety, or use of some animal products. 2. May result in new transgenic products that may be harmful to humans or other species. 3. Increase food production. 3. May have less economic benefit than desired when compared against the expense, need for initial startup capital, & intercompany competition. 4. Concerns that humans & animals will eat the transgenic DNA as part of their diet. Cooking degrades the DNA.

5. Concerns the release of GMOs to the environment may be irreversible.

6. Concerns that release of GMOs to the environment may be an evolutionary/ ecological "timebomb". 7. May make the transgenic animals unhealthy (animal welfare & ethical issues). 8. May result in evolution of insects or bacteria resistant to current control methods.

9. May creat a monopoly and dependence on the companies that create these transgenic species. Such technologies are protected by patents

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