I need answers to questions 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13. PLEASE !!!! Describe, in decre

Question

I need answers to questions 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13. PLEASE !!!! Describe, in decreasing order of size, the structures that make up the air tubes of the lung. Describe the pleura and the function of pleural fluid. Differentiate between external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration. Explain the mechanical process of inspiration. Explain the mechanical process of expiration. Define the term partial pressure (P) of a gas and explain how the partial pressure of oxygen (Po_2) and carbon dioxide (Pco_2) influence their diffusion. Explain how gas is exchanged between the lung and the blood, and between the blood and the tissues. Name the form that oxygen is carried in the blood.

Explanation / Answer

Que-7:

Air tubes of lung:

External naris (1) ---> nasal cavity ---> vestibular folds ---> nasopharynx --> oropharynx --> laryngopharynx ---> cricoid cartilage ---> vocal folds --> trachea --> primary bronchus ----> lobar bronchus ---> segmental bronchus ---> terminal bronchiole ----> respiratory bronchiole ----> pulmonary alvelolus

Que-13:

Internal respiration: It is process of diffusion of gases according to concentration gradient from alveoli of lung epithelium into the blood buffer to supply molecular oxygen to cellular respiration followed by diffusion of CO2 out of hemoglobin in the presence of carbonic anhydrase via exhalation from alveoli to the outside of body. Intercoastal muscles relaxation takes place during expiration of act of breathing and lowers the rib cage followed by decrease in thoracic volume.

Dorsal respiratory group of the brain stem mainly involved in stimulating diaphragm and intercoastal muscles to contract and ventral respiratory group involved in regulating forced expiration and forced inspiration by controlling contractions of internal intercoastal muscles.

The layer of moisture lining the alveolus: alveolus is also known as “air sacs” and these are lined by moisture lining useful to let the gases to dissolve easily finally diffuse into the blood stream across the alveolus rapidly as per concentration gradient. The mucus layer with cilia is lining the trachea useful to trap dust particles & microbial species

Alveoli are considered as functional units of the lungs in which pulmonary oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange usually takes place between alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and blood. Carbon dioxide should be eliminated out of the body to maintain homeostasis of the tissues and blood pH. The blood pH altered if it is not eliminated from the blood capillaries because CO2 from the carboxyhemoglobin inside the blood capillaries together form "carbonic acid (H2CO3)" as a result pH of the blood decreased from 7.4. These pH changes are going to peripheral resistance and vascular resistance of blood capillaries. Therefore, it is essential to exchange CO2 in the alveoli from the blood capillaries of pulmonary circulation from carbonic acid. This process is going to takes place in the presence of enzyme "carbonic anhydrase". The bicarbonate buffering system of In the cellular respiration, involves an acid & base homeostatic mechanism further involving the equilibrium balance of carbonic acid(H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain isotonic pH (7.4) in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to enable appropriate metabolic function. This reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, when cellular carbon dioxide (CO2) (lungs) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a hydrogen ion (exists in the solution as hydronium ion, H3O+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

As soon as oxygen is inhaled into the respiratory system, it reaches alveoli where it immediately “diffuses” into the blood stream as per concentration gradient finally binds with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin inside the red blood cells

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