Explain how the efficiency and specificity of adaptive immune defenses and immun
ID: 81804 • Letter: E
Question
Explain how the efficiency and specificity of adaptive immune defenses and immunological memory improve each time a particular pathogen is encountered? What are the current therapeutic methods of treating transplant rejection and allergies? Describe four traits of pathogens and the human immune system that complicate the development of vaccines to combat chronic diseases? a) b) c) d) Describe three components of the Receptors designed for CAR (chimerical antigen receptor) T cells. a) b) What will the receptors designed for CAR (chimerical antigen receptor) T cells bind to when they are expressed on the surface of T cells?Explanation / Answer
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to enhanced response to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen. This is the basis for vaccination. Adaptive immune system is antigen specific and requires the recognition of specific non- self antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. These specific memory cells quickly respond and eliminate the pathogens when infect the body more than once.
2. For treating tranplant rejections, a short course of high dose corticosteroid can be used. Triple therapy adds calcineurin inhibitor and anti proliferative agent. Immunosuppressive drugs like corticosteroids, mTor inhibitors, anti- proliferatives are used. Antibody based drugs used to treat severe acute rejection.
5. Some viruses replicate so fast that they overwhelms the antibody response.
Some target the immune system. Ex: HIV . We can prepare antibodies against hiv but it appeared to evade the immune cells that would recognise those antibodies.
Some viruses mutate very rapidly changing their outer protein structure often so antibodies cant recognise it. Ex: cold virus.
Some non viral pathogens also use the same technique changing the proteins expressed on the pathogens cellular membrane example malarial pathogen.
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