1. Describe surface membrane barriers and their protective functions. 2. Explain

Question

1. Describe surface membrane barriers and their protective functions. 2. Explain the importance of phagocytosis, natural killer cells, and fever in innate body defense. 3. Describe the inflammatory process. Identify several inflammatory chemicals and indicate their specific roles. 4. Name the body’s antimicrobial substances and describe their function. 5. Define antigen and describe how antigens affect the adaptive defenses. 6. Define complete antigen, hapten, and antigenic determinant. 7. Compare and contrast the origin, maturation process, and general function of B and T lymphocytes. 8. Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance, and describe their development in B and T lymphocytes. 9. Name several antigen-presenting cells and describe their roles in adaptive defenses. 10. Define humoral immunity. 11. Describe the process of clonal selection of a B cell and recount the roles of plasma cells and memory cells in humoral immunity. 12. Compare and contrast active and passive humoral immunity. 13. Describe the structure and functions of antibodies and name the five antibody classes. 14. Define cellular immunity and describe the process of activation and clonal selection of T cells. 15. Describe the roles of different types of T cells. 16. Describe T cell functions in the body. 17. Give examples of immunodeficiency diseases and of hypersensitivity states. 18. Cite factors involved in autoimmune disease.

Possible Essay Questions 1. Discuss the pros and cons of using immunizations for mumps, measles, etc. 2. Explore the autoimmune diseases, how they occur, symptoms, prognosis, and treatment. 3. Discuss the positive feedback that characterizes the immune response, and the role of suppressor cells in regulation. 4. Explain why we need specific resistance mechanisms even though nonspecific resistance mechanisms attack all foreign substances (i.e., why is specific resistance necessary at all?). 5. Explain what the body’s immune response is to an antitoxin or other passive immunization. 6. Discuss why chemotherapeutics attached to monoclonal antibodies are an advantage over injection of the chemical agent alone. Could there be any drawbacks to this therapy?

Explanation / Answer

1). The surface membrane barriers include skin and mucous membranes, some of their important fuctions are,

a). The secretions of skin inhibit the microbial growth.

b). The mucosal layer lining the stomach, decreases the secretion hydrochloric acid, which prevents microbial growth.

c). The mucosal layer covering the respirator organs prevent the entry of pathogens.

d). Skin act a great barrier for all the internal organs, which plays key role in temperature regulation also.

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