1. Characteristics of beta oxidation 2. First reaction in amino acid catabolism

Question

1. Characteristics of beta oxidation

2. First reaction in amino acid catabolism

3. Classify pathways as anabolic or catabolic

4. Coenzyme associated with acetyl-CoA carboxylase

5. What triggers the release of fatty acids from adipocytes

6. Uses of glucose-6-phosphate

7. Role of the liver in metabolism

8. General knowledge of fatty acid synthesis

9. Role of adipocytes

10. How are fatty acids primed for oxidation

11. Link between TCA and urea cycle

12. What is the high energy bond in acetyl-CoA

13. Know the cellular locations of Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP), lipid and amino acid catabolism/anabolism

14. What second messenger acts as a signaling molecule in many of these processes

15. Compare and contrast fatty acid oxidation to fatty acid synthesis

Explanation / Answer

1. Characteristics of Beta- Oxidation - It is the process in which the saturated fatty acids are broken down acetyl coA and the energy is released. The process occurs in mitochondria for short length and medium carbon length fatty acids, long chain faty acids are oxidized in both mitochondria and as well as in peroxisomes where as the long chain fatty acids which consist of more than 14 carbon and more are exclusively oxidized in peroxisomes. Upon activation in cytoplasm by fatty acyl - CoA synthetases it is transported into mitochondria via acyl-carnitine transferase into inner mitochondrial membrane, it is acted by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 which is capable of regenerating acyl-CoA which is then oxidized.

2. First reaction in amino acid catabolism - The first step in amino acid catabolism is removal of nitrogen group. The alpha amino group of amino acid is transferred to alpha keto glutarate which forms glutarate via aminotransferase enzyme. After which it is deaminated to yield ammonia.

3. Classify pathways as anabolic and catabolic - Anabolism is the process by which compounds are synthesized in the body and catabolism is the process by which the macromolecules are broken down to yield energy.

Anabolic pathways are glycogen synthesis, fatty acid accumulation, denovo synthesis of purine and primidine, photosynthesis, urea cycle etc.

Catabolic pathways are glycolysis, glycogenolysis, fructolysis, galactolysis, beta oxidation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation etc.

4. Coenzyme associated with aceylcoA carboxylase - It is a biotin dependent enzyme. The biotin is carboxylated with bicarbonate which serve as the source of carbondioxide for the carboxylation reaction.

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