Question 2 (50 points): Refer to the article “Establishing an Invitro Model for

Question

Question 2 (50 points): Refer to the article “Establishing an Invitro Model for High-Throughput Screening and Risk Assessment of Torsadogenic Drugs”, in which induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are used to develop the model.

2A. (25 points, 250 words or less) Describe in conceptual detail how one can use genetic engineering methods to make iPSC from somatic cells, such as skin cells.

2B. (25 points, 250 words or less) Some scientists and clinicians hope to develop iPSC for treatment of various degenerative diseases. Discuss the ethical and therapeutic implications of using iPSC instead of embryonic stem cells for treatment in humans.

Explanation / Answer

ANSWER:

2A:

iPS cells are generate via inherited reprogramming of adult somatic cells that have fractional demarcation latent but, upon reprogramming, articulate genes with the intention of enable them to regain gracefulness and give rise to all cell types (1). Human iPS (hiPS) cells were originally resulting from fibroblasts by transduction of genes programming transcriptional regulators of stem cells: Oct4, Sox2, Lin28, and Nanog (OSLN) (2) or Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) (3). Reprogrammed hiPS cells are similar to person increasing stem (hES) cells in morphology, construction rate, outer antigen appearance, epigenetic status of pluripotent genes, and telomerase activity. In adding up, hiPS cells can discriminate into cell types of all three microbe layers in vitro and in vivo (3). However, there is a number of evidence to put it to somebody that hiPS and hES cells are not identical at the transcriptional level (3–7). There are also reported differences in gene air among iPS cell outline (6) that could reflect differences in the somatic cell source or even genetic variability among similar cells (8), in the reprogramming line of attack, and/or in the quantity to which the cells are genetically reprogrammed (recently reviewed in 9). even though the various methodologies well-known to reprogram iPS cells are all consideration to achieve a quantity of quantity of pluripotency, each has reward and disadvantages with high opinion to future medical apply

The progression of generate iPS cells at first began with the use of retroviruses and/or lentiviruses to transduce regulatory genes either disjointedly or in a on its own face vector. However, the use of cells contain virus that can put together into host chromosome and cause insertional mutagenesis and potentially malignant transformation (10) is not ideal for medical studies. In adding together, the being there of viruses may evoke an immunogenic response (11). Thus, new methodologies to generate iPS cells have been rapidly and incessantly evolving. Plasmids (12, 13), synthesized RNAs (14), and proteins (15) have all been used to induce a pluripotent state in somatic cell types, and all of these methods come into sight to be more acceptable for medical studies, relative to viral transduction. apart from of the knowledge used, constant threat of have such cells become wild and induce hereditary harm and spiteful cell increase is chronic, and the probable and fate of these cells in vivo are under intense investigation.

2B:

regardless of latent issues with the use of hiPS cells for medical therapy, they encompass a dissimilar lead over other human pluripotent stem cells, such as hES cells; that is, they can be patient precise, thus hypothetically plummeting the need for susceptible containment post transplantation. However, as mention above, this may be dependent upon the way in which the cells are reprogrammed (i.e., the use of virus for reprogramming may evoke an adverse protected response). as of this promise of autologous cell therapy for hereditary diseases and degenerative disorders, there remains wonderful notice in additional optimizing the origin of hiPS cells and direct their discrimination en route for cells desirable for tissue repair. New technologies and quantitative bioengineering approach are life form urban to facilitate superior generation, loneliness, promulgation, and delineation of hiPS cells. This examination focuses principally on these hot developments along with provide a concise summary of our indulgent of iPS cell biology, as well as commerce

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