Explain how contingency theory addresses the way that an organization\'s design

Question

Explain how contingency theory addresses the way that an organization's design relates to its structure. [Objective 5.1]

Define organic and mechanistic structure, and discuss the pros and cons of each. [Objective 5.1]

Using examples from companies discussed in your text, explain how a particular organizational culture can lead to success. [Objective 5.2]

Describe three reasons why unethical behavior occurs. The identify three ways to create an ethical culture. [Objective 5.3]

Describe Hofstede’s Model of National Culture. Explain why it is important for global organizations to understand and negotiate differing national cultures when operating in other regions of the world. Do you think this makes a difference in whether or not the global organization is successful? [Objective 5.4]

List and explain the main steps in Kurt Lewin's action research strategy. [Objective 5.5]

Explanation / Answer

Define organic and mechanistic structure, and discuss the pros and cons of each.

Answer :

Organic structure is a form of organizational structures below eventuality theory that is set up to enhance suppleness for employees to be able to initiate change and quickly adapt to the altering conditions. This approves employees to take responsibility to command and make changes for the organization as wanted to define the best way to contract with a work task .

Mechanistic structure is a procedure of organizational structure below contingency theory that is set up for employees to obey and to behave in a prescribed way that shows answerability .Under this structure the decision-making expert leftovers at the highest of the organization, while staffs do clearly defined work tasks .The pros and cons of organic structure are that staffs are empowered to work more self-sufficiently and take on responsibilities that upsurge their job satisfaction levels. On the other hand, when making task decisions on the fly, individuals and groups may not use the most plausible good decision making choice at any given time. The pros and cons of mechanistic structure are that staffs are following pre-established working guidelines that are set up by the organization to do their work errands in a certain way every time which can instill foreseeable outcomes when it comes to employees implementation assigned tasks. On the other hand, if a situation does arise that could normally be solvable by an separate or group for work tasks the procedure

Organizational structures fall on a spectrum, with “mechanistic” at one end and “organic” at the other.

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Using examples from companies discussed in your text, explain how a particular organizational culture can lead to success.

Answer :

Values can principal to the success of an organization. Employees who use ethical principles to control their behavior in an organization will be more effective when employed in groups or teams within an organization since members will be more obliging knowing that they can trust the other persons that they are working with. The attainment of working hard to earn bonus money plunders may be terminal value that is a standard within an organization, so this conduct may promote additional interested individuals that perform their job overhead prospects resulting in procedure gains for the organization. Also, contributory values such as helping additional coworkers may lead to increased presentation within an organization

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Describe three reasons why unethical behavior occurs. The identify three ways to create an ethical culture.

Answer :

Unethical behavior happens typically due to lapses in separate ethics, ruthless chase of self –interest and outdoor pressure. To battle unethical behavior an organization could found ethical rules. This would allow for a clear sympathetic for all individuals of what is right and incorrect. Reduction in the inducements for those acting unethically would also decrease such behavior. Finally the creation of fair and reasonable human resource procedures to the management of its varied employees would provide proof for staffs that they will be treated justly.

Unethical behavior driven by gluttony is unfortunately somewhat we tend to see more frequently in the news recently, especially corporate unethical behavior such as Enron, Tyco, Monsanto, WorldCom, Adelphia, Lehman Brothers, AIG to name a insufficient. Unethical behavior can happen by three distinct reasons; separate ethics, self- interest, and outside weight . Individual ethics are those where individuals learn ethics from family members, networks, school, culture, and working environments. Self- interests when separate interests overtake an organization’s interests when making commercial decisions. This can take the form of corruption to attain work contracts, as well as discovery ways to increase profits when the chance arises through unethical means (2012).Outside weight can come from fear of highest manager’s losing their jobs due to pressure from stockholders which may induce managers to get complicated in unethical behavior to increase the lowest line and become tilted in the process by rational that the “end defends the means” becomes engrossed into organizational thinking. An ethical organizational culture can be shaped by utilizing three approaches. The first of which is by establishing an ethical business culture by endorsing ideals that are ethical & punishing principles that are unethical . Managers need to create a optimistic ethical culture through foremost by example, and establishing being ethical as a norm of doing business. Second, an organization can found a code of conduct or mission declaration that portrays that all commercial related ventures conducted with the organization are to be morally attained .

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Describe Hofstede’s Model of National Culture. Explain why it is important for global organizations to understand and negotiate differing national cultures when operating in other regions of the world. Do you think this makes a difference in whether or not the global organization is successful?

Answer :

Hofstede’s Model of National Culture contends that differences in the values and standards of different countries are took by five dimensions of culture (George and Jones, 2012,p521). They are as follows:

It is important to distinguish who you are doing business with sympathetic their culture and what they worth can be a major difference between successful business undertaking and a unsuccessful one.

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List and explain the main steps in Kurt Lewin's action research strategy.

Answer :

1. Diagnostic action research designed to crop a needed plan of action. The alteration agents would intervene in an previously existing situation diagnose the problem, and endorse remedial measures. Unless the future cures were feasible, real, and acceptable to the people involved, though, this design of act was often wasted.

2. Participant action research in which it is presumed that the residents of the affected public who were to help effect a cure. They would so realize mare keenly the need for the specific steps finally decided upon; at the similar time their 'ego investment' would provision the remedial program. This type of action research - an instance would be a community of self-survey - seemed to be most real for a limited range of problems. If was useful in revealing particular and local facts (not general principles) which could deliver examples for other communities.

3. Empirical action research was chiefly a matter of record keeping and accruing experiences in day-to-day work, ideally with a series of similar groups, such as boys' clubs. An characteristic weakness of this procedure was that deductions were drawn from experience with a single group, or with numerous groups differing in numerous ways, deprived of test controls. Despite this handicap empirical action investigation could lead to the gradual development of usually valid principles as clinical medicine had already established.

4. Experimental action research called for a skillful study of the relative efficiency of various techniques in nearly indistinguishable social situations. Of all the varieties of action investigation, the experimental had the utmost potential for the advancement of scientific information. Under favorable conditions it could finally test specific hypotheses. It was, however, the most problematic form of action research to carry out positively.

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