Explain how Florence Nightingale first drew statistical correlation between infe

Question

Explain how Florence Nightingale first drew statistical correlation between infectious disease and human mortality. List one reason you might see "old" diseases re-emerge or show up again even though they were thought to be gone? Would pilli be more advantageous to bacteria in a rapidly changing or in an unchanging environment? Please explain your answer. What makes a spore so difficult to kill? Under what conditions to endospores form? Give one examples of spore causing diseases. List at least four factors that you need to think about to determine if someone is a good host for a disease and tell me why. What is an emerging disease? Explain at least 3 reasons why you might see "old" diseases reemerge or show up again even though they were thought to be gone? Give 2 examples of recent emerging infectious diseases. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. How can prokaryotic cells be smaller

Explanation / Answer

46.She used polar area chart in which area of each wedge measured from center determined the proportion of deaths due to a particular cause.For eg.

blue-deaths due to infectious disease ex. typhus & cholera
red- deaths to wounds
black- other causes of death

It was discovered  Death rates were highest in summer months when pathogens multiply fastest.

48.  Pili are small hairs that enable some pathogens to attach and adhere easily to cell surface particularly mucous membranes .In a constant environment they would be easily spread the disease as these pilli would then adhere properly to the medium.

49.Hard, multilayer coats make the spore difficult to kill.

Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall. One side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries.

Anthrax  is spread by contact with the spores of the bacteria, which are often from infectious animal products.

50. Host should be healthy.

Should be easily available.

Parasite should be able to adhere to the membranes of the host.

Parasite should be able to cross the biological barrier of the host.

51.An emerging disease is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence.

HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the most recent 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza are only a few of many examples of emerging infectious diseases in the modern world .

52.

Prokaryotes are usually unicellular hence these are usualy microscopic or very small.

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