1. Explain the fundamental differences between up-regulation and down-regulation
ID: 40160 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Explain the fundamental differences between up-regulation and down-regulation of gene expression.
2. What is basal level gene expression, and why does it happen?
3. A number of different mutations in the HBB gene can cause thallassemia, a disease characterized by various levels of anemia. Many of these mutations occur within introns or in upstream noncoding sequences. Explain why mutations in these regions often lead to severe diseases, although they may not directly alter the coding regions of the gene.
4. What might be two means an eukaryotic cell might use to stop the movement of simple transposons in its genome?
Explanation / Answer
Fundamental differences between up-regulation and down-regulation of gene expression.;
gene expression is the use of the genetic information to produce the gene product . These gene products are mostly proteins. As the name suggets the Up regulation results in the expression of genes due to internal signalling of the receptor mmolecules . the down regulation is the where the gene products produced are down regulated .
example for the down regulation we can take lac operon , the presence of glucose in the cell reduces the production of the genes in the operon . if the cell needs the energy , when there is no glucose .the lac operon switches and coverts lactose into glucose and galctose this is called upregulation
basal level gene expression, and why does it happen?
the basal level of transcription occurs at the intiation of the transcription it occurs at the core promoter region. Expression of these genes is initiated with the binding of transcription factors to the promoter. Basal levels of transcription the binding of protein factors to other regulatory regions occurring in the sequences flanking the gene or in the intron regions . this helps the recruitment of RNA polymerase to bind at the site of promoter region. it occurs at the basal level is minimum level of expression
A number of different mutations in the HBB gene can cause thallassemia, a disease characterized by various levels of anemia. Many of these mutations occur within introns or in upstream noncoding sequences. Explain why mutations in these regions often lead to severe diseases, although they may not directly alter the coding regions of the gene.
the type of muataion occurs in the region is the Splice site mutations where there will be muations in the splice site of the introns. this leads to abnormal production of proteins. introns are removed from the mRNA . but these are not removed form the matured mRNA , leading to the coding of these regions . which inturn causes the expression of abnormal protein . so this lead to severe diseases due to diffrent kind of mutation like frame shift , etc
two means an eukaryotic cell might use to stop the movement of simple transposons in its genome
transposons are the regions where DNA sequence chage its position within the genome . this is the auto regulation occurs in these regions these transposons cause the insertional muations
one of the way is by using the retro transposon by using RNA trnscript
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