the internet was designed with a clear division of responsibility between the ho
ID: 3907304 • Letter: T
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the internet was designed with a clear division of responsibility between the host to host and internetworking protocol. Explain this division of responsibility and the appropriate protocols that facilitate network communication. How are responsibilities divided? Why is packet switching important to this process? answer all questions. the internet was designed with a clear division of responsibility between the host to host and internetworking protocol. Explain this division of responsibility and the appropriate protocols that facilitate network communication. How are responsibilities divided? Why is packet switching important to this process? answer all questions.Explanation / Answer
Q1) the internet was designed with a clear division of responsibility between the host to host and internetworking protocol. Explain this division of responsibility and the appropriate protocols that facilitate network communication
Physical (Layer 1) - Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components.
Data Link (Layer 2) - Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocolknowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control(LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
Network (Layer 3) - Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Transport (Layer 4) - Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Session (Layer 5) - This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Presentation (Layer 6) - This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Application (Layer 7) - OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.
Q2)Why is packet switching important to this process?
ANS - Packet-switched describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet. Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network. This type of communication between sender and receiver is known as connectionless (rather than dedicated). Most traffic over the Internet uses packet switching and the Internet is basically a connectionless network.
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