(20 marks) Answer ALL of the following: (a)(4 marks) Describe how oxygen is tran
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(20 marks) Answer ALL of the following: (a)(4 marks) Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood. (b) (3 marks) Define oxygen content, oxygen capacity and oxygen (c) (10 marks) Describe the factors that determine arterial oxygen (d) (3 marks) An Olympic athlete has spent several months training at high saturation. Explain how each is affected by anaemia. content. altitude. Explain what benefit (if any) this would have if the athlete was competing (i) in the 100 m sprint, or(ii) in the 800 m freestyle swimming.Explanation / Answer
a. The protein inside the red blood cells is called haemoglobin and it carries oxygen to cells. Haemoglobin is made up of 4 symmetrical subunits and 4 heme groups. This iron associated with heme binds with oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin. The oxygen molecules are carried to individual cells in body tissues where they are released.
Oxygen is transported in blood in 2 ways,most oxygen i.e. 98.5% carried in blood is bound to protein haemoglobin in red blood cells and small amount of oxygen i.e. 1.5% is carried in plasma as a dissolved gas.
b. * Oxygen content is the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin plus the amount of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood.
Anemia is a condition where body has few RBC . Due to anemia RBCs carry less oxygen to tissues and organs particularly to heart and brain and they may not function as before.
* Oxygen capacity is the maximum amount of oxygen that will combine chemically with the haemoglobin in a unit volume of blood. It amounts 20ml of O2 per 100ml of blood or 1.34 ml of O2 per gm of hemoglobin.
Anemia is a diminished oxygen carrying capacity in blood, where there is decrease in number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin or both.
* Oxygen saturation is the fraction of O2 saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin levels in the blood at a given partial pressure.
Anemia by oxygen saturation is determined by arterial blood gas test . Value below 60% causes causes hypoxemia which can be caused by anemia.
c. Factors that determine arterial oxygen content are:
* partial pressure of inspired oxygen
* adequacy of ventilation and gas exchange
* concentration of hemoglobin and affinity of hemoglobin molecule for oxygen.
Of the total oxygen transported by a blood, a very small amount is dissolved in simple solution with the great majority chemically bound to the hemoglobin molecule in RBCs. It is a reversible process.
d .The atlelete would win in a 100m sprint and 800m free style swimming because of the training sessions, practice drills, technical advice and strength training .
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