1. In the background section the authors wrote “Importantly, a family history of

Question

1. In the background section the authors wrote “Importantly, a family history of hypertension is an important risk factor for its development; which suggests a strong genetic or familial environmental factor in its genesis.” Design an experiment and give two opposing results that show; (1) hypertension is due to genetics; and (2) hypertension is due to the environment. (1 point)

2. According to the article, what is the environmental factor that causes hypertension? (1 point)

3. Quote something from the article that your answer to question 2 is correct. (1 point)

4. In the background section the authors wrote “The cascade starts with an ?2-globulin angiotensinogen (AGT), which is produced constitutively and released into the circulation, chiefly by the liver. A substrate for renin (secreted by kidneys), AGT is converted into the decapeptide angiotensin 1 (Ang I), and subsequently by angiotensin converting enzyme I (ACE I) to the octapeptide Ang II. By the action of ACE-2, AngnII activity is terminated by its conversion to Ang 1-7.” Using this quote, what coverts AGT to Ang I? (1 point)

5. How do you know that your answer to question 4 is correct? (1 point)

6. In the background section the authors wrote “The cascade starts with an ?2-globulin angiotensinogen (AGT), which is produced constitutively and released into the circulation, chiefly by the liver. A substrate for renin (secreted by kidneys), AGT is converted into the decapeptide angiotensin 1 (Ang I), and subsequently by angiotensin converting enzyme I (ACE I) to the octapeptide Ang II. By the action of ACE-2, AngnII activity is terminated by its conversion to Ang 1-7.” Using this quote, is the conversion of Ang I to Ang II an anabolic reaction or a catabolic reaction? (1 point)

7. How do you know that your answer to question 6 is correct? (1 point)

8. In the background section the authors wrote “Thus, we tested the hypothesis that antenatal MLPD leads to sexually dimorphic development programming of the components of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system, which may be important in the antenatal MLPD-associated development of hypertension.” Is the hypothesis in the quote a null hypothesis or an alternate hypothesis? (1 point)

9. How do you know that your answer to question 8 is correct? (1 point)

10. In the “blood pressure” section of the results section the authors wrote “A sexually dimorphic trend of hypertension was observed in males and females as observed by a significant interaction of Sex*Diet by two-way RM ANOVA.” Based on this quote, do the authors have to accept the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis? (1 point)

11., How do you know that your answer to question 10 is correct? (1 point)   

Reference article*
* https://bmcphysiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12899-015-0016-6

Explanation / Answer

1). To prove the genetic inheritance of hypertension, the people hypertension and their family history must be tracked. The presence of common defective genes in the affected individuals in a family indicates the inheritance of hypertension. However, the effect of suspected genes must be again determined by creating knockout (of suspected genes) mice or rats.

To prove the effect of environment on the pathogenesis of hypertension, the common environmental factors faced by all the effected individuals in the study must be analysed and correlated to determine the "cause-effect" relationship.

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