discuss and detail spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females and what th

Question

discuss and detail spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females and what the final products are for each and what they ultimately contain when it comes to genetic material. Next I want to you to discuss hormonal regulation of the male reporductive system and what each hormone does and their importance. Next you will do the same for the female reproductive system but the female system is a bit more complicated and more in depth as you will have to discuss how the hormones effect the phases of the female cycle (ovalutory and menstral) as well as looking at the what happens to the ovaries and uterus during the cycle.3-4 pages double spaced typed APA style

Explanation / Answer

1) Spermatogenesis:it is origin and development of he sperm cells within male reproductive organs the testes, the testes contains numerous thin, tightly coiled tubules known as seminiferous tubules, the sperm cells are produced with in the walls of the tubules and there many scattered cells radomly called sertoli cells, they function to support and nourish the immature sperm cells , as the young cells grow the sertoli cells help to transport them from the outer surface to the seminiferous tubule to the central channel of the tubule, one immature garm cell takes as long as 74 days to reach final maturation, the immature cells( called spermatogonia) all derived from cells called stem cells inthe outer walls of the seminiferous tubules, the stem cells are composed almost entirely of nuclear material, the stem cells being they process by multiplying in the process of cell duplication known as mitosis, then mature germ cells known as primary sperm cells, then these develop into secondary sperm cells during this cell division there is splitting of the nuclear material in the secondary nuceli cells they are 23 chromosomes, the mature sperm cells shape and form is nuclear material becomes more condensed and oval in shape this develop later into head of the sperm the head is covered partially by a cap called acrosome, by this it gain entry into the egg , attached opposite to the head is tail , onces the sperm has matured it is transported through the long seminiferous tubules and stored in the epididymis of the testes until it is ready to leave the male body. harmonal control of spermatogensis , the initiation of spermatogensis occurs at puberty due to interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and leydig cells FSH , LH appears to have little role in spermatogensis outside of including gondal tesosterone production , FSH stimulates production of androgen binding protein by sertoli cells and formation of the blood testis barrier, ABP is helpful in concentrating testosterone in levels high enough to initiate and maintain spernatogensis, FSH may initiate the sequestering of testosterone in the testes , increasing the levels of FSH will increase the production of spermatozoa by preventing the apoptosi of type A spermatogonia , the harmone inhibin acts to decrease the levels of FSH, the sertoli cells have capability of producing harmones estradiol and inhibin the leydig cells are also capable of producing estradiol in addition to their main product testosterone. oogenesis:it is differentiation of the ovum into the cell competent to further development when fertilized, oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary called oocytogenesis is complete either before or shortly after birth, when the primary oocytes develops into an ootid, this is done by meiosis, this process begins at prenatal stage , it stops at prophase 1. in late fetal life, all oocytes still primar oocytes, have halted at this stage of development called the dictyate after menarche these cells then continue to develop although only a few do so every menstrual cycle, after meiosis 1 the primary oocytes has now developed into the the secondary oocytes and the first polar body, in meiosis ll the haploid secondary oocytes initiates meiosisll however this process is also halted at the metaphase ll stage untill fertilization, when meiosis ll has completed an ootid and another polar body have now been created, both polar bodies disintegrate at the end of meiosis ll leaving only the ootid which then eventually undergoes maturation into the mature ovum, the function of forming polar bodies is to discard the extra haploid setsof chromosomes that have resulted as a consequence of meiosis, the harmonal affects of female reprodutive system:a)ovarian cycle:the menstrual cycle is the physiological process that fertile women undergo for the purpose of reproduction and fertilization, in follicular phase FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland this will rises and peaks during the first week of the follicular phase this induces the proliferation of granulose cells in the developing follicles and expression of LH receptors ontheses granulosa cells , 2 or 3 days before LH levels begins to increase then recruited follicles emerges as dominant then estrogen secretion of dominant folllicles increases to a level that indirectly lowers the LH , FSH, by this death of the most of the recruited follicles ,though the dominat follicle continue to mature, high levles of estrogen initiate the formation of the new layer of endometrium in the uterus crypts in the cervix are also stimulated to produce fertile cervical mucus that reduces the acidity of the vagina, creating a more hospitable environment for sperm ovulation occurs after the beginning of the LH surge, ovulation: in this phase mature ovarian follicle rupture and discharges an ovum, the luteal phase: or secretory phase is the latter part of the estrous cycle it begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends ineither pregnancy or luteolyslayer of the utreus is, the main harmone associated in this stage is progesterone , uterine (menustrual ) cycle: the cycle comsists of the uterus or endometrium , the endometrium is the innermost glandular, during the menstrual cycle the endomentrium grows to a thick blood vessel rich tissue linning representing the optimal environment for the implantation of the blastocyst upon its arrival in the uterus menstrual cycles are counted from the first day of menstrual bleeding and are typically 28 days long during menstruation the body begins to prepare for ovulation again , after ovulation under the influence of tprogesterone the endometrium changes to a secretory lining in preparation for the potential implantation of an embroys to establish a pregnancy,The harmones arebFSH, LH , gnRH, estrogen, progesterone.

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