please answer all the questions answering only one question is not helpful : 2.
ID: 3509774 • Letter: P
Question
please answer all the questions answering only one question is not helpful :
2. activation of complement leads to several major activaties agains pathogen. For the complement factors listed beloe, indicate what the anti pathogen actitivy is.
a. C3A AND C5A :
b. C3B :
c. C5B :
d. MAC :
3 .naive mature b cells migrate into lymph nodes via the high endothelial venules. To what region within the lymph node will they migrate first?
4. binding of antibodies to Fc receptors on cells is usually dependent upon the antibody having been bound to antigen first. This is not the case for on type of antibody when it binds to its Fc receptor.
a. what type of cell express this Fc receptor ?
b. what is the advantage for this cell of binding to an antibody before the c. antibody binds to its antigen?
5. complement can be activated via three different pathways, shown below. For each pathway, indicate what the stimulus is for C’ activation.
a. classical.
b. alternative
c. lectin
6.interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta have similar function. What isthat function?
7.why does increased vascular permeability enhance the function of lymph nodes?
8. in peyre’s patches, what is the function of M cells?
9. what is a physical and visible hallmark of inflammation that is evidence of increased vascular permeability?
10. consider the behavior of naive T cells as being driven by a clock. They do something for a period of time, and then switch to doing something else.
during that two week period before they die, what can change the preprogrammed fate of those cells?
11.Consider the figure above that shows time on the X axis and number of antigen-specific adaptive immune cells on the Y axis. This figure provides a general accounting of an adaptive immune response that can be broken down into five stages.
what is happening to cells after stage 2 to cause a reduction of cell numbers?
Sometimes (usually rarely), the number of antigen-specific cells does not decline as shown in stages 3 & 4. Consider the underlying reason for the normal decline in cell number and propose a scenario in which the normal decline would not happen.
Phases of adaptive immune responses Contraction Activation phase Antigen Recognition phase elimination (homeostasis) y Memory Antibody producing. Effector T cell | Elimination lymphocyte of antigens Differentiation Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Surviving memory cells Antigen presenting cell Apoptosis Clonal expansion Naive T lymphocyte Naive B lymphocyte Days after antigen exposure 7 Need for proliferation and differentiation results in delay (typically 4-7 days) in the adaptive immune responseExplanation / Answer
1]
a) C3A and C5A = the former binds and causes the cleavage of the latter.
b) C3B = opsonization
c) C5b is one of the components of the membrane attack complex that finally kills the pathogen
d) MAC= MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX
Forms a transmembrane channel that disrupts the membrane of the targeted pathogens causing its lysis.
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