1. What are some mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis, and why can failure of
ID: 3509738 • Letter: 1
Question
1. What are some mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis, and why can failure of these mechanisms result in pathologies? (lecture 2) In your answer, you should at least include such terms as homeostasis, negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward control, intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, “set point,” the components of a negative feedback loop (stimulus, sensor, afferent signal, integrating center, efferent signal, target, response), redundancy, antagonistic control, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and pathology. Additionally, you should be able to describe a couple examples of pathologies which result from failure to maintain homeostasis.
Explanation / Answer
Answer- Mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis- Homeostatic regulation involves three parts or mechanisms:
1) Receptor- receptor receives information that something in the environment is changing
2) Control center or integration center- receives and processes information from the receptor
3) Fffector - effector responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus.
These all are important to maintain the homeostasis if anyone of the above is disturbed it will lead to pathologies. Because these all are completly related to each other.
Negative feedback- A reaction in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change. Since this tends to keep things constant, it allows the maintenance of homeostasis. Eg.- Level of TSH is inrease by the pituitary gland in defficency of Thyroxine.
Positive feedback- a response is to amplify the change in the variable. This has a destabilizing effect, so does not result in homeostasis.
Fedforward control- it is describing as element/pathway within a control system. It passes a controll the signal from source in its external environment, often a command signal from an external operator, to a load elsewhere in its external environment.
Intracellular fluid- fluid outside the cell If there are any changes in its composition it will lead to pathogesnic conditions by change in environment.
Extracellular fluid- Fluid inside of the body change also may lead to pathogenic.
Interstitial fluid- Also called tissue fluid. It is solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid.
Set point- The thermostat is set at a certain temperature that is considered ideal is called set point.
Stimulus is an point which is responsible to make or generate any signal, Sensory is called to be receptor where nature of stimutus is carry out, afferent signal helps in the carry that signal from sensory to integrating center. Integrating center make analysing and response against the coming signal and generate type of signal required for coming signal. Efferent signal it carry the integrating center signal to target. Target is an point where response is required. Response is action againt the stimulus in affected point.
Redundancy-the inclusion of extra components which are not strictly necessary to functioning, in case of failure in other components.
Antagonistic control- The affect of any signals is block or inhibited by any other chemicas/ hormones/neurotransmitter.
sympathetic nervous system which follow the action of Nor-adrenaline also called adrinergic system.
parasympathetic nervous system- follow the action of Achetylcholine also called Cholinergic system.
All of the above points or system imbalance result from failure to maintain homeostasis.
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