Exam #4/Final Exam Study Guide Personality 1. Define the term personality. Why i

Question

Exam #4/Final Exam Study Guide

Personality
1. Define the term personality.  Why is personality so hard to define and measure?  What factors influence personality development?
2. How does trait theory (e.g., Allport) compare with the "fivefactor" theory.  
3. Distinguish among Freud's concepts of conscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the unconscious mind as part of his psychoanalytic theory.  What are Thanatos and Eros?
4. You should know characteristics of id, ego, and superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
5. What are defense mechanisms?  What are repression, denial and projection?
6. List and describe Freud's five psychosexual stages of development.  What is a fixation? How might Freud explain alcoholism? An eating disorder?  Smoking? Parent-child conflict. Homosexuality? At what stage is an individual’s personality fully developed?

Sleep
1. What are the basic behavioral correlates of the different stages of sleep?  What about EEG correlates? How about eye movements and sleep?
2. Generally, what parts of the brain are involved in sleep?
3. Briefly explain the recuperation theory of sleep.  Give an example in support of this theory.
4. Briefly explain the circadian theory of sleep. Give an example in support of this theory.
5. In what ways do infant sleep patterns differ from those of an 80 year old adult?
6. What is dreaming?  During what stage(s) of sleep does it mostly occur?  What about sleepwalking?
7. Why do people suffering from sleep apnea always feel so tired in the morning, even though they may have been in bed sleeping for 10 or more hours a night?
8. You should be familiar with each of these terms:  circadian, REM sleep, slow wave sleep/deep sleep, melanopsin, SCN, narcolepsy, cataplexy, sleep apnea, latent content, manifest content.

Stress
1. Define stress and list the sources of stress.
2. Define frustration and distinguish among the following types of conflict: approachapproach, avoidanceavoidance, approachavoidance, and multiple approachavoidance.
3. Discuss our reactions to stress, and describe the stages of the general adaptation syndrome
4. List and describe factors that influence reactions to stress.
5. Do men and women react similarly to stress?
6. List and describe effective and ineffective methods of coping with stress.  Be sure to consider the role of cognitive appraisal, anticipatory coping, and getting social support.

Abnormal Psychology
1. What does it mean to be “Abnormal?” Who is Emil Kraipalin?  What is dementia praecox? You should be familiar with the basic concepts underlying the “Medical Model” of mental illness.  
2. Know the meanings of the following terms: Diagnosis, Etiology, Prognosis, Prevalence?
3. You should be familiar with the basic features of the DSM-5.
4. Discuss the problem of stigmatization of abnormal behavior.
5. What does it mean to be insane?
6. Distinguish among the anxiety disorders such as phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder.   Many tranquilizers used to treat anxiety disorders target receptors for GABA. What does this say about the possible “causes” of anxiety disorders?
7. Discuss the “causes” and effects of post-traumatic stress disorder.
8. Distinguish between obsessions and compulsions.
9. Distinguish between the dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative fugue.
10. Describe Major Depressive Disorder and its causes. You should be familiar with Affective, Cognitive and Somatic features of Major Depressive Disorder.  Discuss the importance of cognitive factors in depression and interpersonal factors.
11. Describe bipolar disorder; especially discussing Mania.  What are Affective, Cognitive and Somatic characteristics of Mania?  Is bipolar disorder considered a heritable disease?
12. Identify symptoms that characterize schizophrenia.  What is difference between positive and negative symptoms?
13. Distinguish between paranoid schizophrenia and catatonic schizophrenia.
14. Explain the differences between antisocial and psychopathic personality disorders.
15. What are thought to be the causes of schizophrenia.  You should understanding the Synaptic Pruning Theory and the Dopamine Theory.

Explanation / Answer

personality

big five factor theory- it represents the core description of human personality i.e. the only dimenisons necessary to understand what makes us tick. it has five dimensions-

a. openness- it is a persons willingness to try new things and being open to new experiences. people trying to maintain status quo are low scorers and high scorers are creative and explorative

b. conscientiousness- it is a persons organization and motivation. high scorers are careful with belongings and timings while low scorers are late and fail to return things.

c. extraversion- persons ability to interact in the society. high scorers are sociable, low scorers i.e. introverts are solitary.

d. agreeableness- it is an emotional stye of the person. high scorers are easygoing , pleasant and friendly and low scorers are hard to get along with, crabby and grumpy.

e. neuroticism- it is emotionally stable or instable,. high scorers are worriers, overanxious, moody but low scorers are calm, even tempered, etc.

the difference between both the theories are that the allports theory has many traits but five factor model only has 5 dimensions. the traits are single dimensioned and interactional in nature hence very difficult to study. five factors are bidirectional and interactional making it a bit easier to analyse personality.

3. freud gave the topographical aspect of mind-

a. conscious- it includes everything that a person is aware of. it is the aspect of mental procesing that we can think and talk about rationally. it includes our feelings, perceptions, sensations etc which are a part of our current awareness.

b. preconscious- it is a part of the mind that represents ordinary memory. we are consciously aware of the the information but we can retrieve it when needed.

c. unconscious- it is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts , beliefs etc that are outside our conscious awareness. most of the contents are unpleasant and unacceptable nd generate feelimngs of anxiety and pain. it influences our behavior and experiences.

instinctual drives influence various mind contents to be activated and inherited. there are 2 opposing types of instincts. life instincts known as eros are the constructive instincts which influence us nd drive us towards survival. death instincts called thanatos are destructive in nature,nd tend towards aggresion and destruction and eventually death.

4. freud gave the topographical aspect of mind consisting of id, ego and superego.

a. id- it is the personality part present during birth. the purpose of id is to seek immediate graification and discharge tension as soon as possible. this works on pleasure principle. it propels us to meet the demands of hunger, thirst, aggression or sexual or physical pleasure.

b. ego- a few months after infancy,, ego develops. it mediates between the id and the reality. it works on reality principle. it is an rganised, rational system using higher order thinking process. it is the excutive of personality and operates woth the reality ior the need to delay gratification of impulses to meet environmental demands.

c. superego- as a child grows he gradually learns about the rules of parents and society tregarding right or wrong. the superego develops from the ego in the eaarly childhood. it represents societal ideas, values, conveyed by parents via rewards and punishments. it works on moral principle its role is to block unacceptable id impulses, pressure the ego to pursuue mortality rather than expediency and generate strivings towards perfection.

freud theorized that a persons behavior results from interaction of id ego and superego.

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