Problem 11 a) Write down the formula for SSx, SSy, SP, and r. b) A researcher ha

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Problem 11 a) Write down the formula for SSx, SSy, SP, and r. b) A researcher has X and Y scores from n-5 participants available and computes SSx, SSy, and SP. The values are: SSx 16, SSy 5. digits after the decimal point (e.g. 0.12) c) As you will see the observed correlation coefficient r is different from zero. In order to conduct hypothesis testing determine the critical r values for a non-directional test with alpha 0.01. Report the values with 3 digits after the decimal point (e.g. 0.123). d) Is the observed correlation coefficient r statistically significant? Explain your answer 2, and SP-5. Compute r and report it with 2 Problem 12 Describe in your own words what is meant by "informed consent"

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As an ethical doctrine, informed consent is a process of communication whereby a patient is enabled to make an informed and voluntary decision about accepting or declining medical care. ... It is critical for physicians to document the contents of this conversation as part of the permanent medical record.

Informed consent is a vital document while performing all surgical and aesthetic procedures, particularly in the current day practice. Proper documentation and counseling of patients is important in any informed consent.

The concept of consent arises from the ethical principle of patient autonomy[1] and basic human rights.[2] Patient's has all the freedom to decide what should or should not happen to his/her body and to gather information before undergoing a test/procedure/surgery. No one else has the right to coerce the patient to act in a particular way. Even a doctor can only act as a facilitator in patient's decision making.

Informed consent means the knowing consent of an individual without undue inducement or any element of force, fraud, duress or any other form of constraint or coercion. Sufficient information must be presented (in understandable language) so that the potential subject can make an informed judgment about participation. This information can take on a variety of shapes. It can be provided to the potential participant as: a document which may or may not require a signature; a script which is read to the participant prior to proceeding with a telephone survey; a paragraph to be read prior to completing an online survey.

Research involving human subjects can pose complex ethical issues which require careful thought and consideration on the part of both researchers and research participants. Prospective participants should always be given adequate information on both the possible risks and the potential benefits of their involvement to allow them to make informed decisions about whether or not to participate in the research.

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