1. The information below is from a box of typhoid vaccine. VIVOTIF BERNA® Typhoi
ID: 303070 • Letter: 1
Question
1. The information below is from a box of typhoid vaccine.
VIVOTIF BERNA®
Typhoid Vaccine
Oral Ty 21a
Explain how you would know by simply reading this label that this is an attenuated vaccine. (Hint: Vivo means "life" in Latin and the lowercase “a” does stand for attenuated, but these are not the answers I am looking for.)
2. Explain how the bacterium is attenuated in the Vivotif vaccine and why this attenuation prevents the the bacteria in the vaccine from causing typhoid fever. (Note: You will find the answer in the product insert for the drug under “Clinical Pharmacology.” Be specific and thorough in your response.)
3. Typhim Vi® is another typhoid vaccine.
What is the antigen in this vaccine and specifically where does it come from? (Note: Don’t just copy the information from the product insert. Address cell structure and composition of the antigen in your answer.)
4. The Typhim Vi® vaccine is a(n) _____ vaccine.
a. sub-unit
b. inactivated
c. attenuated
5. Explain why re-immunization with the Vivotif® vaccine is recommended every five years, but is recommended every two years for the Typhim Vi® vaccine. (Note: Use your knowledge of immunology to answer this question).
Helpful Links:
Typhoid Vaccine Information
• Immunization Action Coalition Click on “Typhoid.” http://www.immunize.org/fda/
• World Health Organization [WHO] Click on “Typhoid” http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/en/
Explanation / Answer
1) We can say that the vaccine is attenuated live because the route of administered is oral. Killed vaccines are injected usually into the deltoid muscle or into vastus lateralis muscle in infants., attenuated vaccines can also be administered through SC/IM injection.
2) the antigen is attenuated from salmonella typhi Ty21a .The vaccine strain is grown in fermentors under controlled conditions in medium containing a digest of yeast extract, an acid digest of casein, dextrose and galactose. The bacteria are collected by centrifugation, mixed with a stabilizer containing sucrose, ascorbic acid and amino acids, and lyophilized. The lyophilized bacteria are mixed with lactose and magnesium stearate and filled into gelatin capsules which are coated with an organic solution to render them resistant to dissolution in stomach acid.
The vaccine does not cause typhoid fever because the vaccine does not have the power of toxin which is responsible for fever
3) in typhim vi r the antigen is Vi antigen which is obtained from salmonella typhi.
4) it is a c) live attenuated vaccine.
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