1. The gut microbiome benefits the host in many ways. One benefit of the gut mic

Question

1. The gut microbiome benefits the host in many ways. One benefit of the gut microbiome is that it helps to prevent infection by pathogenic microbes. To directly compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes, members of the gut microbiome do which of the following?
Choose one or more:

A.synthesize vitamins

B.degrade complex carbohydrates

C.occupy attachment receptors

D.secrete substances that inhibit the growth of pathogens

E.compete for mates

F.degrade mucin

G.compete for nutrients

A. antibody-mediated

B. antigen-mediated

C. nonadaptive

D. adaptive

3. The microbiome has both associated benefits and risks. What are some of the risks associated with the oral microbiome?Choose one or more:

A.urinary tract infections

B.bacteremia

C.tooth decay

D.subacute bacterial endocarditis

E.gastric ulcers

A. CD47 receptors

B. MHC receptors

C. Toll-like receptors

D. Fc receptors

A. type II interferons

B. NOD-like receptors

C. Toll-like receptors

D. type I interferons

6. An individual is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria infect macrophages in the lungs, where it survives and reproduces intracellularly. What is the most likely mechanism the infected macrophages will use to combat the invading bacteria?

Choose one:

A. degranulation

B. extravasation

C. autophagy

D. opsonization

7. Which of the following complement pathways is activated by lipopolysaccharide?

Choose one:

A. opsonin pathway

B. classical complement pathway

C. lectin pathway

D. alternative complement pathway

Explanation / Answer

1. A) synthesise vitamins

B) degrade complex carbohydrates

D.secrete substances that inhibit the growth of pathogens

C.occupy attachment receptors

F. degrade mucin

G.compete for nutrients

The gut flora carries out various functions in the gut, which include development of immune function along with enteric protection. They occupy the receptor sites directly inhibiting pathogens, along with competing for nutrients so that they won’t be available to the pathogens. Also, they produce vitamin k and vitamin B12.

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