1.In a study at West Virginia University Hospital, researchers investigated smok

Question

1.In a study at West Virginia University Hospital, researchers investigated smoking behavior of cancer patients to create a program to help patients stop smoking. They published the results in Smoking Behaviors Among Cancer Survivors (January 2009 issue of the Journal of Oncology Practice.) In this study, the researchers sent a 22-item survey to 1,000 cancer patients. They collected demographic information (age, sex, ethnicity, zip code, level of education), clinical and smoking history, and information about quitting smoking.

The questionnaire filled out by cancer patients at West Virginia University Hospital also asked patients if they were current smokers. The current smoker rate for female cancer patients was 11.6%. 95 female respondents were included in the analysis. For male cancer patients, the current smoker rate was 10.4%, and 67 male respondents were included in the analysis. Suppose that these current smoker rates are the true parameters for all cancer patients. Can we use a normal model for the sampling distribution of differences in proportions?

A.Yes, a normal model is a good fit for this sampling distribution.

B.No, a normal model is not a good fit for this sampling distribution.

2. In the article "Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women" in the September 2011 edition of the Archives of Internal Medicine, researchers investigated the relationship between caffeine consumption and depression among women.

The participants in this study were older, with substantially lower rates of depression when compared to female teens. Researchers compared two groups of women (among others) in this study: those who do not drink coffee and those who routinely drink 4 or more cups of coffee each day.

For the following question, a coffee drinker is a woman who drinks four or more cups each day.

Which best describes the type of study?

A.an observational study comparing two populations

B.an experiment comparing two treatments

3. In 2014, students in an advanced Statistics course at UC Berkeley conducted an anonymous survey about use of cognition-enhancing drugs among college males. One survey group of males included members from a fraternity, and the other survey of males group included no fraternity members. The difference between the proportion of fraternity members who have used cognition-enhancing drugs and the proportion of non-fraternity members who have used cognition-enhancing drugs is equal to 0.054. Which one of the following conclusions is true?

A.Students who are not fraternity members use cognition-enhancing drugs at higher rates than fraternity members.

B.One possibility is that the proportion of fraternity members who have used cognition-enhancing drugs is 0.295 and the proportion of non-fraternity members who have used cognition-enhancing drugs is 0.241.

C.Students could have discovered that the proportion of fraternity members who have used cognition-enhancing drugs is 0.315 and the proportion of non-fraternity members who have used cognition-enhancing drugs is 0.369.

Explanation / Answer

We got 187 reactions from the 1,000 overviews sent (18.7%). Of these, 166 were usable for investigation. The mean period of respondents was 64 (± 13) years. Men were more probable than ladies to be past smokers (55% of men and 32% of ladies individually, P = .003). Fifty-two percent of respondents revealed having a past filled with smoking. Notwithstanding, just 20% of patients detailed having been dynamic smokers at the time they were determined to have growth. Moreover, just 44% of these revealed having stopped smoking after their determination of growth. Just 62% of all respondents detailed that they had been educated about the risks of smoking by their medicinal services supplier amid growth treatment.

In our investigation test, short of what one half (44%) of smoking growth patients quit smoking after their disease finding, and just 62% of smoking tumor patients got smoking discontinuance advising from their doctors. Mediation programs are expected to help growth survivors to stop smoking. Forthcoming clinical preliminaries may help recognize the perfect intercession for smoking suspension.

Amid 10 long stretches of development (1996– 2006), 2,607 occurrence instances of discouragement were distinguished. Contrasted with ladies devouring jazzed espresso less every now and again (?1 container/wk), multivariate relative danger of wretchedness was 0.85 (95% certainty interim [CI], 0.75 to 0.95) for those expending 2– 3 glasses/d and 0.80 (95%CI, 0.64 to 0.99; P slant <0.001) for those devouring ?4 mugs/d. Multivariate relative hazard for melancholy was 0.80 (95%CI, 0.68 to 0.95; P trend=0.02) for ladies in the most astounding (?550 mg/d) versus most reduced (<100 mg/d) of the 5 caffeine utilization classes. Decaffeinated espresso was not related to the melancholy hazard.

In this substantial longitudinal investigation, we found that discouragement chance abatements with expanding jazzed espresso utilization. Assist examinations are expected to affirm this finding and to decide if normal juiced espresso utilization may add to melancholy avoidance.

The commonness of consistently captivating in IUPS amid school was 25.6%. The larger part (>50.0%) of clients detailed inception amid school, oral utilize, companions as the medication source, scholarly intentions, and experience wanted results. Intrapersonal relates related with utilizing included distinguishing as White, bring down review point normal, findings of a lack of ability to concentrate consistently confusion, and lower shirking self-viability. Relational associates of utilization included off-grounds living arrangement, varsity sports investment, IUPS observations by mingling specialists, and more prominent conduct standards. Introduction to doctor prescribed medication print media, more noteworthy remedy stimulant information, and inspirational states of mind towards medicine stimulants was ecological corresponds related with utilize. In all models, IUPS aims were emphatically connected with utilize.

IUPS was predominant on the grounds under scrutiny and elements from the intrapersonal, relational and ecological areas were related to the conduct. Suggestions for counteractive action and future research are talked about.

We got 187 reactions from the 1,000 overviews sent (18.7%). Of these, 166 were usable for investigation. The mean period of respondents was 64 (± 13) years. Men were more probable than ladies to be past smokers (55% of men and 32% of ladies individually, P = .003). Fifty-two percent of respondents revealed having a past filled with smoking. Notwithstanding, just 20% of patients detailed having been dynamic smokers at the time they were determined to have growth. Moreover, just 44% of these revealed having stopped smoking after their determination of growth. Just 62% of all respondents detailed that they had been educated about the risks of smoking by their medicinal services supplier amid growth treatment.

In our investigation test, short of what one half (44%) of smoking growth patients quit smoking after their disease finding, and just 62% of smoking tumor patients got smoking discontinuance advising from their doctors. Mediation programs are expected to help growth survivors to stop smoking. Forthcoming clinical preliminaries may help recognize the perfect intercession for smoking suspension.

Amid 10 long stretches of development (1996– 2006), 2,607 occurrence instances of discouragement were distinguished. Contrasted with ladies devouring jazzed espresso less every now and again (?1 container/wk), multivariate relative danger of wretchedness was 0.85 (95% certainty interim [CI], 0.75 to 0.95) for those expending 2– 3 glasses/d and 0.80 (95%CI, 0.64 to 0.99; P slant <0.001) for those devouring ?4 mugs/d. Multivariate relative hazard for melancholy was 0.80 (95%CI, 0.68 to 0.95; P trend=0.02) for ladies in the most astounding (?550 mg/d) versus most reduced (<100 mg/d) of the 5 caffeine utilization classes. Decaffeinated espresso was not related to the melancholy hazard.

In this substantial longitudinal investigation, we found that discouragement chance abatements with expanding jazzed espresso utilization. Assist examinations are expected to affirm this finding and to decide if normal juiced espresso utilization may add to melancholy avoidance.

The commonness of consistently captivating in IUPS amid school was 25.6%. The larger part (>50.0%) of clients detailed inception amid school, oral utilize, companions as the medication source, scholarly intentions, and experience wanted results. Intrapersonal relates related with utilizing included distinguishing as White, bring down review point normal, findings of a lack of ability to concentrate consistently confusion, and lower shirking self-viability. Relational associates of utilization included off-grounds living arrangement, varsity sports investment, IUPS observations by mingling specialists, and more prominent conduct standards. Introduction to doctor prescribed medication print media, more noteworthy remedy stimulant information, and inspirational states of mind towards medicine stimulants was ecological corresponds related with utilize. In all models, IUPS aims were emphatically connected with utilize.

IUPS was predominant on the grounds under scrutiny and elements from the intrapersonal, relational and ecological areas were related to the conduct. Suggestions for counteractive action and future research are talked about.

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