CAN YOU PLEASE SOLVE NUMBER 20,21&22 14. What are the organisms associated with

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CAN YOU PLEASE SOLVE NUMBER 20,21&22

14. What are the organisms associated with Bioterrorism? 15. What pathogens are associated with artificial devices? 16. Name two opportunistic pathogens that should be identified from females in child bearing ages? 17. What is the difference between Presumptive identification and definitive identification? 18. How is hybridization techniques used in the microbiology department? 19. What does a 0.5 McFarland equivalent mean in terms of the number of organisms. a. What is the impact on susceptibility if you use a 0.25 McFarland? b. What is the impact on susceptibility if you use a 1.0 McFarland? 20. What are TCDa and TCDb? 21. What environmental controls are used to prevent the spread of fungal spores? 22. How long is a vaginitis screen specimen good for under the following conditions? a. Preserved b. Unpreserved c. Processed 23. What types of organism will be recovered from the following agars? a. MacConkey b. Columbia CNA with 5%SB c. Chocolate d. Hektoen Enteric e. Thioglycollate Broth

Explanation / Answer

Hi Answer:

Q.20 What are TCDa and TCDb?

Answer: TCD is the term given for the toxins produced by the Clostridium difficile. The Clostridium difficile produce two type of toxins known as TCDa and TCDb. These toxins are damaging the intestinal mucosa and cause the infection of Clostridium difficile.

TCDa is an enterotoxin having a molecular weight of 308kDa and it is the largest bacterial toxin known. It is seen that TCDa also shows some cytotoxic activities. The major mechanism of action of this toxin is to modify the host cell GTPase proteins by glycosylation which further leads to the change in the cellular activities.

TCDb is the second toxin produced by the Clostridium difficile. The TCDb is lighter than TCDa having a molecular weight of 270kDa with an isoelectric point of 4.1. Studies show that the presence of TCDb in the cells causes the rapid change in the cell morphology as well as the cell signaling.

Q.21. What are environmental controls used to prevent the spread of fungal spores?

Answer: The spores are the reproductive structure produced by some nonflowering plants, bacteria, and fungi. The spores are adaptive for the dispersion and surviving for long period of time in unfavorable conditions. Many fungal species produce spores and these spores are much more resistant to the normal fungal cell. Their destruction needs more time and high-temperature treatment. If there is any fungal infection and the production of the spores took place then we have to sterilize the object by autoclaving. Normally we carry out the autoclaving at 121 degrees for 20 minutes but for the spore destruction, we have to increase the time up to 30-35 minutes. Second, the infection site always must be kept undercover so that spore are unable to spread to another place by air. Third, the place where the chances of spreading of fungal infection always are sterilized by the disinfectants and always kept dry or humidity free which will help to avoid the spreading of infection.

Q. 22. How long is a vaginitis screen specimen good for under the following conditions?

Answer: Vaginitis is the inflammation of the female reproductive organ. The main symptom of this disease is abnormal discharge, unpleasant odor, itching and burning sensation. The vaginitis screen specimens are taken on the swabs known as BD affirm Ambient temperature transport swab and these swabs can be stored and transport at room temperature. These specimens can be and preserved at room temperature for 72 hrs.

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