A) Define what proponents of evolutionary medicine mean when they say that human
ID: 278442 • Letter: A
Question
A) Define what proponents of evolutionary medicine mean when they say that humans have evolutionary mismatches with the modern environment and, B) explain how this can lead to poor health or disease. Be specific, use relevant biological terminology that you learned in this class, and C) provide examples of at least two health conditions/diseases. D) Explain the contribution of past natural selection to each particular example. E) Finally, provide an example of both an ultimate question and a proximate question that could be asked about one of the two diseases.
Explanation / Answer
A)The proponents of evolutionary medicine(Darwinian medicine) w.r.t human evolutionary mismatches with the modern environment are:
1. Most chronic disease results because our bodies are prepared to stay healthy in the modern environment.
2. Vulnerability to infections persists because the pathogens evolve so quickly compared to human evolution against a pathogen.
3. Not all deleterious mutations can be eliminated because there are limits to what natural selection can do.
4. Selection shaped many defenses, such as inflammation whos utility comes at a substantial cost of tissue damage and suffering.
B)Quicker evolutionary lives of microbes posed many ailments and infecting newer parts of bodies, at a rate more than usual leading epidemic diseases or lethal ones.
deleterious mutations in humans not removed by natural selection continue to pose threat for the survival, leading to diseases that follow generations to come.
C)1.Obesity & Diabetes.
2.Osteoporosis.
D)1. Reason for Obesity & Diabetes w.r.t past natural selection: According to "Thrifty gene hypothesis" the idea of feast or famine conditions during human development evolutionarily selected people who are efficient in the use of food calories (as seen from hunter ancestor ), but peoples lifestyle in modern day is more sedentary and this caused hugely build up of fats causing obesity and this is a metabolic syndrome causing insulin resistance leading to diabetes.
2. Reason for Osteoporosisw.r.t past natural selection: from the fossil of hunting women it is evident that the physical activity had a direct relation with bone density although the bone mass degradation in both present-day women and the hunter-gatherer women, the sedentary lifestyle(less physical activity) had lead to poor bone development therefore Osteoporosis.
E) The possible questions that could be framed on Obesity & Diabetes are:
Mention future strategies to prevent above disease without any change in their modern life style.
Do Obesity & Diabetes have a genetic cause or simply condition of improper intake of food?
The possible questions that could be framed on Osteoporosis are:
What age group of women is generally hit with the disease and why?
How parathyroid hormone & Fosamax serve as best treatments in the present day?
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