5. Which of the following adrenal horm A. Cortisol. Aldosterone·YOOJOI830 ??????
ID: 273154 • Letter: 5
Question
5. Which of the following adrenal horm A. Cortisol. Aldosterone·YOOJOI830 ??????? 8rD Androgens. E. Estrogens. In primary hyposecretion of thyroid hormones A. Levels of thyroid hormones in the B. Levels of TRH in the blood decrease C. Levels of TSH in the blood decre All of the above are true. None of the above is true D. E. 7. The important feature of the target cells that atlows them to respond to hormones is the: Proximity to the source of the horm B. Type of nerve supply of the target cell. C. Type of nerve supply to the target cell. Presence of appropriate receptor E. Surface area of the target cel membrane. A.o ort to l et a D. 8. Which of the following is an example of permissiveness? A. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, and insulin decre levels B. Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol all increase blood glucose leve'ls Estrogen stimulates synthesis of progesterone receptors in the D. All of the above. E. None of the above. 9. The placenta not only serves as an organ of exchange but also secretes l of tfe nly serves as an organ of exchange but also secretes all of the following hormones, EXCEPT A. Prolactin. B. Chorionic gonadotropin C. Placental lactogen D. Progesterone E. EstrogenExplanation / Answer
5. Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that are present in medulla of adrenal glands. They secrete amines and peptide s such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), neuropeptide Y, calcitonin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, renin, adrenomedullin and atrial natriuretic factor, etc. The hormones secreted by these cells are catecholamines, adrenaline (epinephrine), nor adrenaline/norepinephrine and dopamine.
Right choice is C. Epinephrine.
6. Thyrotropin released by anterior pituitary causes the release of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TSH). TSH induces the secretion of tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones cause absorption of carbohydrates by intestinal cells. It stimulates adipose tissue to release fats and stimulates ATP breakdown for energy generation. It is required for normal production of growth hormone.
Primary hyposecretion of thyroid hormone is due to partial damage of thyroid gland, lack of nutrient in diet, infection, or enzyme deficiency. There is less secretion of hormone. In primary hypothyroidism, the levels of TSH are high. Therefore, the levels of T3 and T4 are low as the TSH is not being converted to T4 and T3. Hence, T3 and T4 levels in blood will decrease.
In secondary hypothyroidism, the levels of TSH are low or levels of TRH are low due to insufficient production. The effect is on pituitary.
Right choice is A. Levels of thyroid hormones in blood decreases.
7. A target cell will respond to a hormone only when it bears receptors to the hormone. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and will initiate downstream signaling. Hormones can be transported to organs far away from where they are secreted by binding to transport proteins. Surface are of the target cell membrane has no effect. Similarly, nerve supply of and to the target cell is not involved as hormones are transported to target hormones by blood circulation.
Right choice is D. Presence of appropriate receptor molecules.
8. Permissiveness is the condition wherein one hormone is required for the full action of a second hormone. The first hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the second hormone or increases the activity of the second hormone. Thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids are examples of permissive hormones. They have profound effects on action of other hormones such as catecholamines. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, and epinephrine is a catecholamine Epinephrine promotes glycogen breakdown in liver and inhibits glycogen synthesis in liver. Epinephrine promotes glucagon synthesis from pancreas. Cortisol increases blood glucose by having a permissive action on glucagon. However, they are together not example of permissive hormones. Glucagon antagonizes the actions of insulin hormone. Hence, it is antagonistic.
Estrogen increases the number of progesterone receptors in the endometrium. Hence, the endometrium becomes more responsive to progesterone due to higher number of receptors. Thus, estrogen is permissive for the responsiveness of uterus to progesterone.
Right choice is C. Estrogen stimulates the synthesis of progesterone receptors on endometrium.
9. The placenta is formed from the trophectoderm cells of the embryo and is required for transport of nutrients and gas exchange with the fetus. Human chorionic gonadotropin is the main hormone secreted by placenta. The other hormones are estrogen, progesterone, human placental lactogen and relaxin. However, placenta doesn’t produce prolactin. Prolactin is secreted by anterior pituitary, immune cells, brain and the decidual stromal cells of the pregnant uterus.
Right choice is A. Prolactin
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