Please answer ALL questions. ALL QUESTIONS please and thank you. 4) Hydrochlorot
ID: 255527 • Letter: P
Question
Please answer ALL questions. ALL QUESTIONS please and thank you.
4) Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic drug that inhibits a sodium transporter in the kidneys, preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing sodium (extra sodium is excreted). In addition, potassium will be lost from the kidneys in higher amounts. Explain how a drug such as hydrochlorothiazide can alter the function of a protein, and explain how removing excess potassium can affect the cells of the body (you may want to first explain where potassium is and why it is important to the cell. 5) The enzyme phosofructokinase 1 is an important enzyme in mammalian glycolysis, is regulated by ATP and AMP. ATP is classified as a negative allosteric regulator of PFK1, while AMP is a positive regulator. Explain the concept of allosteric regulation and then explain how the ratio of ATP to AMP controls the activity of this enzyme.Explanation / Answer
4. Hydrochlorothiazide is a drug that belongs to the class of diuretics referred to as thiazides. This drug acts by reducing the volume of the blood that would be acting on kidneys for reduction of the reabsorption of sodium in the DCT. The reabsorption of electrolytes is reduced from renal tubules. As a result, electrolyte and water excretion is increased, where, magnesium, potassium, as well as sodium.
5. Allosteric regulation is where the regulation of the enzyme where binding is facilitated by one effector molecule at a site on the enzyme, which is different from the active site of the enzyme. This site, where the effector molecule binds is the allosteric site. These sites would be allowing the effector molecules for binding to a protein resulting in a change in confirmation that involves the dynamics of the protein. Some of the effectors enhance the activity of the protein referred to as allosteric activator and those decreasing the activity of the protein are referred to as allosteric inhibitors.
Allosteric regulation of phosphofructoskinase 1 in the pathway of glycolysis where there is a control of glucose. PFK1 is inhibited when the levels of ATP are high, though, when the presence of AMP is found, this action is reversed. As a result, with ATP/AMP ratio being low, the activity of PFK1 is low. There are 2 sites in PFK1 where affinity for ATP is found.
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