Please answer ALL questions. ALL QUESTIONS please and thank you. 1) Hyperbaric o
ID: 255525 • Letter: P
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Please answer ALL questions. ALL QUESTIONS please and thank you.
1) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat conditions such as decompression sickness and carbon monoxide poisoning. The patient is put into a chamber that has three times normal air pressure, making oxygen more available to the lungs and blood. Explain how oxygen moves across the cell membranes of the lung cells so that it can get to the blood? 2) Albumin is a protein found in the blood plasma, and is considered an important plasma solute. Acute glomerular nephritis is a condition where the kidneys become leaky. One sign of this is that you find albumin in the urine (albumin is normally absent from urine). Based on the information presented, speculate how the loss of albumin from the extracellular space, and releasing it in the urine, will affect the cells of the body?Explanation / Answer
Q1) DCS (decompression sickness) is caused by a reduction in the surrounding pressure, due to which bubbles start forming out of inert gases within tissues of the body. It usually occurs when a person leaves a high-pressure environment, ascends from depth, or ascends to altitude.
On ascending from a dive, inert gas comes out of the body's solution by a process called "outgassing" under normal conditions,offgassing takes place due to gas exchange in the lungs. If inert gas comes out of the solution rapidly to allow outgassing in the lungs then bubbles start forming in the blood or within the solid tissues of the body. When bubbles form in the skin or joints it shows milder symptoms, but when large number of bubbles formed in the venous blood can cause lung damage. The most severe types of DCS affects spinal cord function, leading to paralysis, sensory dysfunction, or death.Hyperbaric chamber treatment is used for this.
Hyperbaric chamber treatment is based on the behavior of gases, gases usually moves from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure. In a hyperbaric chamber, the atmospheric pressure is increased, as a result more amount of oxygen can diffuse into the bloodstream of the patient.
In Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) a patient breathes 100% oxygen while the pressure of the treatment chamber is increased to greater than atmospheric pressure.
Under normal atmospheric conditions,a person gets 14.7 pounds per square inch of pressure and the air he breathes is made up of 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. During HBOT the pressure is increased up to three times’s os normal atmospheric pressure, as a result it creates a higher partial pressure of oxygen.
While breathing 100% oxygen, when the body is exposed to increased atmospheric pressure, the oxygen molecules gets condensed. This allows to breathe a higher partial pressure of oxygen. Also the oxygen dissolves in the plasma 10-15 times greater than normal.
This super-saturation of oxygen in the body’s tissues promotes, Increased capillary growth,Increases white blood cells activity, helps in development of new tissues, reduces edema by vasoconstriction, increases oxygen tension in hypoxic area, blocks cytotoxic effects of carbon monoxide also , blocks hypoxia associated with cyanide poisoning, reduces the size of gas bubbles and also helps in various other physiological effects.
During Normal Blood Flow- 21% oxygen remains in the air we breathe, and lungs transfer this oxygen to red blood cells (via hemoglobin). These oxygen-filled red blood cells are carried to all parts of the body by the plasma by blood vessels. The oxygen diffuses into the surrounding tissue and ensures that it is delivered to the required body part.
When there is a restriction (occlusion) in blood flow due to surgery, illness, or injury, the red blood cells block the blood vessel and are unable to transfer oxygen to the cells on the other side of the occlusion.causing swelling and deprives the area of oxygen, causing hypoxia (a lack of oxygen) as a result due to lack of oxygen tissue starts breaking.
Breathing 100% oxygen under pressure causes the oxygen to diffuse into the blood plasma. This oxygen-rich plasma is able to travel beyond the blocked part diffusing 3 times more into the tissue. The pressurized environment helps to reduce swelling and discomfort, while providing the body with at least 10-15 times its normal supply of oxygen to help repair tissue damaged by the original occlusion or subsequent hypoxic condition. Hyperbaric Oxygenation (HBOT) directly increases the saturative effects of tissue oxygenation slowing and reverses the hypoxic induced apoptosis – restores blood supply to the affected part by the development of new capillary networks (angiogenesis) and enables the body to alter the impact due to adverse situations.
So breathing oxygen at higher atmospheric pressure, helps oxygen to get dissolved more in blood plasma and as a result its availability to the patients body tissues and cells becomes more.
Q2) Albumin is a protein which acts like a sponge, it draws extra fluid from the body into the bloodstream,the fluid remians there till they get removed by the kidneys. When albumin leaks into the urine, the blood loses its capacity to absorb extra fluid from the body, and causes edema.
When blood passes through healthy kidneys, the glomeruli filter the waste products and allow the blood to retain the cells and proteins which body needs. But proteins from the blood, like albumin, sometimes leak into the urine when the glomeruli are damaged. A diseases called nephrotic syndrome, a damaged glomeruli allows 3 grams or more protein to leak into the urine in 24-hours, this is more than 20 times a healthy glomeruli allows to leak.
Albumin is an important carrier of drugs, fatty acids, divalent cations (e.g., calcium, zinc), hormones, and bilirubin, and plays an important role in healing process. Toxic materials in the body are also detoxified and inactivated by albumin binding. It has also antioxidant properties, that is, it neutralizes unused hypochlorite, which is a byproduct of metabolism if they are not neutralized, they may be converted to hydroxyl radicals, which are toxic to body. Glomerular loss of albumin in nephrotic syndrome causes increased platelet aggregation and thrombosis.
Low albumin level in blood related to many diseases like lung cancer, Diabetise, increased risk of heart failure etc.
In this way the loss of albumin from extracellular space and releasing in the urine affect the cells of the body.
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