1. Contrast the cellular locations of fatty acid degradation and fatty acid synt

Question

1. Contrast the cellular locations of fatty acid degradation and fatty acid synthesis

2. Cycloxygenase enzymes convert ____________________________________ into prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 is an example of a class of molecules called ________________

3. Give an example of a type of fatty acid present in dietary fat that is associated with changes in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Indicate which direction the risk moves when such fatty acids are consumed. (2 points)

Fatty acid type:                                                          Effect on CHD:

Contrast the cellular locations of fatty acid degradation and fatty acid synthesis (2 points)

Explanation / Answer

1. Contrast the cellular locations of fatty acid degradation and fatty acid synthesis:

Acetyl CoA is the common metabolite in both the synthesis and degradation pathways

2. Cycloxygenase enzymes convert arachdonic acid into prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin H2 is an example of a class of molecules called cyclic endoperoxide intermediates or series 1 prostaglandins.

Explanation: Cyclooxygenases also called as prostaglanding-endoperoxide synthase produces prostanoids such as thromboxanes, and prostaglandins like prostacyclin. COX-1, 2 and peroxidases act on arachdonic acid to produce Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) which further gives rise to PGD2 (by PGD synthase), PGE2, PGF2 (by PGE synthase), PGI2( by Prostacyclin synthase), Thomboxane (by thromboxane synthase)

3. Fatty acid type and effect on CHD:

Trans fats

Fatty acid degradation Fatty acid synthesis 1. Fatty acids are broken down to aetyl coA by Beta oxidation in the mitochondria 1. Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the cytosol and utilizes NADPH as reductant 2. Fatty acid degradation occurs by oxidation using enzymes like acyl coA oxidase, Enoyl CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase 2. The main regulated enzyme in fatty acid synthesis is Acetyl CoA carboxylase which is responsible for producing malonyl CoA in a carboxylation reacction using acetyl CoA 3. Activation of fatty acid and transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane and linking with carnitine is essential for the fatty acid degradation 3. The first step in fatty acid synthesis is conversion of acetyl coA to malonyl CoA by the enzyme CoA carboxylase 4. The triacylglycerol present under the skin and visceral fat surrounding internal organs are degraded into free fatty acids and glycerol in mitochondria 4. Fatty acid synthesis reactions in the cytosol of liver and adipose cells convert excess acetyl CoA that builds up in the mitochondrial matrix 5. Epinephrine and Glucagon induces the lipolysis 5. Insulin induces the fatty acid synthesis

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