Figure 2 (related to question III-7, p. 6) A (85441.7 mm) Disor1 9 B (376±20 nm)
ID: 214810 • Letter: F
Question
Figure 2 (related to question III-7, p. 6) A (85441.7 mm) Disor1 9 B (376±20 nm) E(328t20 mm) C(36.8126mm) F(31.7±0.4 mm) 10 mm This figure summarizes the D main lines of evidence gathered by Funk et al (2011) in their assessment of cryptic species in Hypsiboas. (A) Representative individuals (H.fasciatus) . calcaratun)from different locations (H. calcaratr) | sampled; (B) locations of body shape PCI subpopulations along a valley in Ecuador, in which no geographic barriers separate these populations (C) Tree of DNA sequences (D) principal component analysis of morphological variables; (E) principal component analysis of bioacustic measurements of calls B calls PCIExplanation / Answer
A) Cryptic speciation is a biological process that results in species that contain individuals which are morpholigically identical to each other but belong to different species. Therfore, cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable biological groups that are incapable of interbreeding.
B)
The Typological
Species Concept
A group of individuals that differ from
other groups by based on a
morphological or phenotypical character.
Data presented in
Panel A
The Biological
Species Concept
Species are groups of interbreeding
natural populations that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups.
Data presented in
Panel B
The Phylogenetic
Species Concept
The concept of a species as an irreducible
group whose members are descended
from a common ancestor and who all possess
a combination of certain defining, or derived,
traits.
Data presented in
Panel C
C) Based on the evidense presented, there are 5 species.
Based on size, only two species can be made out. One which is of 35 mm length and the other of 31 mm. However, when we look at the phylogenetic anlysis, it is clear that A, B and C belong to a species, D is a species on its own ,and E and F belong to the same species.
But is we pay close attention to the PC analysis of hte calls, we see that only calls of A and B overlap. Where as Calls of C, D, E and F are independent and form closed clusters. This tells us that the mating calls one species say C is not answered by any of the other species and thus toad of species C only mate with themself.
Therefore, by the the biological species concept we get 5 species, A and B as one and rest forming the other four.
D) the probable mechanism involved in this speciation is vicariance.
Vicariance is defined as the geographical separation of a population, typically by a physical barrier such as a mountain range or river, resulting in a pair of closely related species.
As these toads are found in the amazon region which contains a complex network of rivers and streams, the physical barrier might have resulted in the evolution of such species.
Concept Definition EvidenceThe Typological
Species Concept
A group of individuals that differ from
other groups by based on a
morphological or phenotypical character.
Data presented in
Panel A
The Biological
Species Concept
Species are groups of interbreeding
natural populations that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups.
Data presented in
Panel B
The Phylogenetic
Species Concept
The concept of a species as an irreducible
group whose members are descended
from a common ancestor and who all possess
a combination of certain defining, or derived,
traits.
Data presented in
Panel C
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