44. The phylogenetic A. looks different than other species. B. has evolved one o

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44. The phylogenetic A. looks different than other species. B. has evolved one or more of its own derived characters. species concept (PSC) declares that a group is a species if it C. is reproductively isolated from other species E. has no synapomorphies. 45. The side toes of a horse, the pelvis of the whale, and the human appendix are all examples of structures that resemble structures of presumed ancestors, which are known as A. analogous structures. B. acquired structures. C. homeotic mutations. D. vestigial structures. E. homologous structures 46. Which of the following is the best reason that the origin of species according to creation science should not be included in the curriculum of biology courses? A. It has proven to be false. B. It has been superseded by more modern theories. C. It constitutes the teaching of religion. D. It is not a scientifically testable theory E. It is contrary to the beliefs of most scientists. 47. The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is A. study the sequence of fossil types in the deposits. B. measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in the deposits. C. measure rates of sedimentary rock formation D. make salinity measurements in ocean sediment deposits. E. apply the principle of superposition (younger deposits above older deposits). 48. Evolution does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because A. Earth is not a closed system; it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun. B. living organisms are not subject to the second law. C. evolution is a random process; it does not require an input of energy D. the disorder generated by extinction balances the order created by evolution. 49. The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of A. natural selection B. artificial selection C. founder effect D. coevolution E. intelligent design leading to evolutionary change. 50. In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major, the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks A. smaller than those of the previous generation. B. best suited for their parents' environment. C. best suited for their current environment. D. larger than those of the previous generation.

Explanation / Answer

44. B. has evolved one or more of its own derived characters.

45. C. vestigial structures.

46. D. It is not a scientifically testable theory.

47. B. measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in the deposits.

48. A. Earth is not a closed system; it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun.

49. A. natural selection

50. B. best suited for their parent's environment

51. D. convergent evolution

52. A. A

53. D. A huge increase in S, a huge decrease in R, with no overlap whatsoever.

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