Ls4203_midsem_2017 please answer only question no.2. (1.5+2+1.5=5 marks) tuies l

Question

Ls4203_midsem_2017

please answer only question no.2. (1.5+2+1.5=5 marks)

tuies liu geherated from NADH produced during glycolysis in brain and liver? Give proper explanation. 1+2+2-5 2. How Isozymes give advantages in metabolism? What are the pathophysiological effects of loss of function mutation of Glycogen phosphorylase and Glycogen synthase? How C AMP regulate the activity of Glycogen phosphorylase? 1.5+2+1.5-5 Pyruvate is one of the most important intermediate in the metabolism: Explain 4 fates of pyruvate in the carbohydrate metabolism. What is glyoxalate cycle? Explain why it is important for plant? Why animal does not have Glyoxalate cycle? How Dark phase of photosynthesis is regulated by light? Explain; what is photorespiration? Explain CAM pathway of Photosynthesis. 2+1+2-5 What is Glycogenin?/What is Thermogenin? What is brown fat? Why it is called brown fat? What is the action of oligomycin?

Explanation / Answer

Isozymes or Isoenzymes are proteins with different structure which catalyze the same reaction. The advantages of isoenzymes is that it can catalyze the same reaction under the different environments within the different organelles.

Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate.Loss of function mutations of glycogen phosphorylase gene leads to Hers' disease (liver phosphorylase) and McArdle's disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase). McArdle’s Disease is a rare, inherited condition that causes severe muscle pain and cramping due to the inability to break down glycogen. Hers disease is also an inherited disorder, caused by an inability to break down glycogen in liver cells. A lack of glycogen breakdown interferes with the normal function of the liver.

Mutations in the glycogen synthase gene lead to a lack of functional glycogen synthase, which prevents the production of glycogen from glucose. This leads to Glycogen storage disorder which result in a complete absence of glycogen in either liver or muscle cells. As a result, these cells do not have glycogen as a source of stored energy to draw upon following physical activity or fasting.

Epinephrine is synthesized and secreted on stimulation by a sympathetic nervous system for meeting an emergency or stress condition. Epinephrine in the presence of Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP. This cAMP inturn activates the protein kinase A (PKA). PKA promotes glycogen degradation indirectly by phosphorylating and thus activating a kinase, glycogen phosphorylase kinase, that in turn phosphorylates and activtes glycogen phosphorylase, the enzyme that degrades glycogen. The entire process is reversed when epinephrine is removed and the level of cAMP drops, inactivating PKA.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse L
• Subjects

---

---

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.