• Describe how antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance in a population of

Question

• Describe how antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance in a population of bacterial cells.

• Define normal flora • Describe portals of entry in our body

• Define ID

• Discuss different mechanisms of adhesion by microbes

• Describe virulence factors such as enzymes, toxins and antiphagocytic factors

• Describe patterns of disease transmission- direct vs indirect contact. Define fomites, nosocomial infections

• Define mechanical and biological vectors

• Define epidemiology and pandemic, epidemic, sporadic and endemic outbreaks
• Understand the components of the immune system (1st 2nd and 3rd lines of defense)

• Define antigen, antibody, phagocytosis

• Describe the types and general functions of different white blood cells.

• Identify physical, chemical and genetic barriers in our first line of defense

• Describe the inflammatory response

• Define margination, diapedesis and chemotaxis and how they relate to the inflammatory response

Explanation / Answer

1. DRUG RESISTANCE :-

Antimicrobial drug resistance refers to the acquired ability of a microbial pathogen to resist the effects of a therapeutic agent to which it ni normally susceptible(Killed).

Mechanims :-

The main reasons for drug resistance transmission such as

2)   MICROFLORA

The micro organisms regualrily found on surface tissues of healthy human body countless in number and are collectively called as normal microflora.

Microflora are more or less constant for each species and are broadly divided as transients and residents. Transients are impermanant, which are unable to multiply and die, residents are constant population, cannot removed permanantley.

Microflora can be seen in any parts of the body examples are :-

Normal Microflora of Skin :- Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Propioniobacterium,Proteus,Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus,bacillus.

Normal Microflora of Oral cavity : Streptococcus,Neisseria,actinomyces,Veillonella,lactobacillus,yeast also.

Normal Microflora of Respiratory tract : Upper : Neisseria, Haemophilus,S aureus.

Lower :No microflora is seen.

Normal Microflora of GIT : Stomach : Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptoccocus, Helicobacter, Yeasts,

Small intestine : Enterococcus, Candida albicans,Lactobacilli dipetheroids.

Large Intestine : Enterococcus, E coli, Trichomonas.

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