Literature review Note that the lit review is to be conducted from one primary l

Question

Literature review

Note that the lit review is to be conducted from one primary literature document that you find and that is on the topic: cell signaling of hyaline cartilage, in a context of bioengineering. You may not use a review, although you might read a few reviews before selecting your paper of choice since a quality review will list many primary lit sources from which you could pick. page limit, single spaced, font size 11, 1 inch margins. Cell Signaling Controlling Hyaline Cartilage Formation and Homeostasis: Bioengineering Knee Replacements. Describe the current state of the state of the topic of knee joint replacement? What are the current areas of need (the black holes of knowledge)? Who are the 2-3 major players in the field (academic and biotech) and what are they working on? Citation

Explanation / Answer

1)

Disease modifying options for osteoarthritis were lacking previously. Generation of cartilage in Vitro has become a challenging tissue engineering approach and promising method to repair and regenerate cartilage tissue. The treasure of cell signaling and matrix modifying agents identified to be involved in the growth and development of the cartilage and its homeostasis was used as the biochemical method of tissue engineering which has resulted in the improvement in the functionality of the cartilage that has been engineered already.

The goal of biomedical tissue engineering is to replace the defects in the articular cartilage of a patient with a neo cartilage. Various cell sources like stem cells, primary cells, natural or synthetic scaffold materials, signaling molecules and mechanical stimuli were studied to improve the biological and biomechanical functions of the engineered cartilage.

Growth factors and transcription factors that are responsible and involved in the development of cartilage and homeostasis were analyzed for using them in the tissue engineering. Chondrogenesis in Vitro is observed to be happening due to the stimulants like transforming growth factor-beta members, bone morphogenetic proteins, insulin like growth factors, fibroblast growth factors and sex determining site Y. These signaling molecules were found to have characteristic role as biochemical stimuli in the cartilage engineering.

Formation of cartilage or chondrogenesis involves different signaling pathways through a process called condensation. This process involves lateral plate mesoderm giving rise to undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells, migrating to the limb field region and getting accumulated over there. Growth and transcription factors do the process of cartilage development right from the modulation of chondrocytic phenotype till the stimulation of cartilage matrix production.

2)

The engineering of neocartilage using biochemical and biomechanical properties on par with that of native articular cartilage is not yet achieved. Engineered tissue is considered to be functioning in the inflammatory environment. Engineered tissue has to encounter a number of complex stimuli at the joint apart from the energetic environment. These tissues show phenotypic instability and lack integration at the recipient region.

3)

Many people have contributed a lot to this area of medicine.

4)

References:

Shah MR, Kaplan KM, Meislin RJ, Bosco JA 3rd (2007) Articular Cartilage Restoration of the Knee. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 65(1):51-60

Hu JC, Athanasiou KA (2006) A self-assembling process in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 12(4): 969-979

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