Literature review Please note that the lit review is to be conducted from one pr

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Literature review

Please note that the lit review is to be conducted from one primary literature document that you find and that is on the topic: cell signaling of hyaline cartilage, in a context of bioengineering. You may not use a review, although you might read a few reviews before selecting your paper of choice since a quality review will list many primary lit sources from which you could 1 page limit, single spaced, font size 11, 1 inch margins Cell Signaling Controlling Hyaline Cartilage Formation and Homeostasis: Bioengineering Knee Replacements. Describe the current state of the state of the topic of knee joint replacement? What are the current areas of need (the black holes of knowledge)? Who are the 2-3 major players in the field (academic and biotech) and what are they working on? Citation

Explanation / Answer

Cell Signalling Controlling Hyaline Cartilage Formation and Homeostasis – Bioengineering Knee Replacements

Of the 100 patients that come to me with knee pain in a month, only 10 percent are cases for replacement surgery," says Navi Mumbai-based physiotherapist Vivek Kakkar. The rest of the cases, he explains, are usually the result of weak thigh and hip muscles or incorrect foot posture. "These are what we call mechanical errors, and result in the degeneration of the bone under the patella or knee cap, leading to pain," he says. Temporary use of knee braces or regular physiotherapy is often enough to fix the problem. In any case, believes Kakkar, if the knee joint is attacked for correction without fixing the muscles, complications are likely to crop up again. A study recently published in Arthritis & Rheumatology, a journal of American College of Rheumatology, proves that the situation is identical in the US. Over one-third of all knee replacement surgeries carried out in America are unnecessary. A knee replacement surgery involves, to put it simply, surgically inserting a metal alloyplasticceramic prosthesis in the knee that will continue to function like the damaged joint. And it's not cheap. In India, just the prosthesis ranges from Rs 75,000 to Rs 1 lakh. Add to this hospital costs, surgeon charges, time in the operative theatre, and you have a bank balance shock. [1]

PFKFB3 and CHOP signalling pathway also play an important role in the progression of cartilage damage. [2]

Osteoarthritis is recognised to be an interactive pathological process involving the cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium. The signals from the synovium play an important role in cartilage metabolism, but little is known regarding the influence of the signalling from bone. Additionally, the collagenases and stromelysin-1 are involved in cartilage catabolism through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, but the role of the gelatinases has not been elucidated. It was found that osteoclast-conditioned media attenuated the gelatinase activity in chondrocytes. However, IL-1 induced increased levels of gelatinase activity in the conditioned media group relative to the mono-cultured chondrocyte group. More specifically, IL-1 restored high levels of gelatinase activity in c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor-pretreated chondrocytes in the conditioned media group and led to lower levels of gelatinase activity in extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38 inhibitor-pretreated chondrocytes. Gene expression generally correlated with protein expression. [3]

Evolutis India Private Limited, Kaushik Orthopaedic Pvt. Ltd, Sharma Orthopedic (India) Pvt. Ltd. Etc are a few important players in India working in this domain.

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