How are each of the following substances produced in signal transduction pathway
ID: 162722 • Letter: H
Question
How are each of the following substances produced in signal transduction pathways? To be effective, intracellular signal substances must be readily inactivated when their effects are no longer needed. Give a method of inactivation for each of the following classes of intracellular messengers. a. cyclic nucleotides b. phosphoproteins c. inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP_3) d. diacylgycerol Free energy changes under intracellular conditions differ markedly from those determined under standard conditions. Delta G degree' for ATP hydrolysis to ADP and P_i is - 30.5 kJ/mol. Calculate Delta G for ATP hydrolysis in a cell at 37 degree C that contains ATP at 3 mM, ADP at 1 mM and P_1 at 1 mM.Explanation / Answer
8.
a)
Activation of cyclic nucleotide signaling happens by 3 processes. They are stimulation of cyclic nucleotide synthesis, activation of cyclic nucleotide receptors and inhibition of cyclic nucleotide degradation. Cyclic nucleotides regulate a number of biological processes like cell adhesion, neuronal signaling, cell growth, energy homeostasis, and muscle relaxation.
The increase in the formation of phospho proteins at the cell membrane region and at the cell center is managed by the rate of protein phosphatases and the rate of protein diffusion. The kinase concentration in the cell shows its strong influence on the regulation of the absolute value of the phospho-protein gradient.
Modulation of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5 triphosphate in the cell might affect the neuronal responsiveness negatively, which is concerned with the aging process in the cerebellum.
Diacyl glycerol is an intracellular messenger that gets collected transiently in the cells that are exposed to growth factors and other factors. Growth and differentiation are influenced by the binding of DAG to PKC.
b)
Cyclic nucleotide is reverted to 5’AMP when it is inactivated.
Phosphatase enzyme dephosphorylates an enzyme and inactivates phospho protein.
5-phosphatase is one of the methods of inactivating inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate.
Diacylglycerol kinases are involved in the elimination of the functioning of diacylglycerol.
9.
G = G0 + RT ln ([ADP][Pi]/[ATP])
=> -30.5*10^3 + 8.314 * 300 * ln (((10^-3) * (10^-3))/(3*10^-3))
=> -30500 + 2494.2 * -8
=> -30500 - 19953.6
=> -50453.6 or -50.453 kJ/mol
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