PLEASE answer ALL parts of questions 1 through 5! thank you so much!! 1. A) Name

Question

PLEASE answer ALL parts of questions 1 through 5! thank you so much!!

1. A) Name and briefly describe the three main levels of defenses (show as 1),2),3..). the body presents to invasion by pathogens, parasites, and toxins (look ahead to part B to see how much detail to use). B) Outline how two of the mechanisms of defense operate to repel invaders. 2. A) Explain the basic process of the Generation of Clonal Diversity B) Define immunocompetent. C) What structure does each of the two different types of lymphocytes (T & B) acquire on their surface during the process of Generation Clonal Diversity to make it immunocompetent? D) Where (in the body) does each of these 2 two main types of lymphocytes attain their immunocompetence? 3. Differentiate between the basic ways A) Cellular-based and B) Humoral-based immune mechanisms operate. (What does each use to do their 'jobs'?) 4. Differentiate between A) Cytotoxic-T B) Helper-T, and C) Natural Killer-T cells in terms of their surface receptors and 'jobs' of each. 5. A) What types of invaders do Tc-cells (cytotoxic-T cells) usually attack? B) What is the basic mechanism used by Tc-cells to destroy cells?

Explanation / Answer

a)Inmate Defece- fisrt line of defence -

physical defence - 1.skin : first barriers prevents infectiosn ,defence against bacterias etc sebaceous glands produce sweat which help in protection,2. mucous - lines several body cavities etc

and chemical barriers-1.tears , 2.saliva- oth contains lysozyme , an antiseptic enzyme help in defence , 3. stomach acids produce acid like HCl protect and kill invading organisms etc

b)Non specific responses to infection present since birth-1.inflammatory response 2.interferon in response to viral infection

c)adaptive defence :it directly targets invading microorganisms like humans immune system responds to antigens ie the antibodies formed against the antigens like 1.lymphocytes , 2antibodies 3.plasma cells.

B)physical barrier - skin works directly , protect from outer harsh environment , chemical barrier like gastric acids produced in stomach protect the inner lining of stomach

adaptive defece like antibodies formed withinn the body attach with antigens or toxins and neutralize their affect because of their structural properties.

2)A.it staes that everylymphocyte has a membrane binding immunoglobin receptor for a specific antigen and when a receptor gets in contact multiplication occurs asa result clone of antibody prducing cells is obtained.

B.it is the abilitiy of a body of living organism to have a normal immune system which functions normally.

D.b cell- bone marrow

t cells- thymus

3)cellula based - does not involve antibodies but activation of phagocytes , antigen specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte.include Tcells that respond to any cells which are invadee by pathogents etc.

humor based- involve substances founf in humors or body fluids.Involve Bcells that recognise antigens found in fluid or blood.

4)cytotoxic -T - RESPOND TO SPECIFIC antigens on specific site to respond to infection or pathogens.have special protein on their surface for recognizing invaders caled TCRs.

helper- T -do not directly kill infected cells they help cytotoxic T cell to get activated and kill invaders help supress or regulate immune responses.

NK-T belong to inmate immune system , serve as first line of defence , not specific in their immune response

5.a)respond to cells infected with virus , cancer cells , transplanted cells with help of TCRs T cell receptors.

b)the cells degrade the virus infected cells by antigen processing.it has a glycoprotein CD8 on its surface that comes in contact with antigen.tcells on activation that produce cytotoxins and kill enemy by apoptosis.

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