It was a hot August afternoo...\" . Part 1 - Case Study Collection National Cent
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It was a hot August afternoo..." . Part 1 - Case Study Collection National Center for C.. Page 1 of i Got Milk? Catharina Svanborg says she does; it is human breast milk, and It has been extremely difficult to convince her science colleagues that the work doing is for real! Her lab is not large, and she does not qualify as a high-proi scientist. Besides, her specialty is not even cancer at all but infectious disease. Solomon, a cancer researcher at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) says that deas in science always challenge the current paradigm work had come from a well-known lab at the NCI, you'd have reporters calling six days to Sunday. You'd have scientists eager to collaborate. But it's coming from a it is killing cancer cells! she is David novel . Furthermore, he said, "If this small lab in a foreign country. It's like General Motors versus a garage operation. What We Need to Know 1. Where is the National Cancer Institute? 2. Why did Dr. Solomon say that novel ideas in science always challenge the current paradigms? Isn't science supposed to be about new ideas? Try to justify what he meant by his statement. Why would a scientist like Dr. Svanborg be reluctant to publish too soon an idea that breast milk fights cancer? 3. The discovery was made at Lund University in Sweden, in 1993, when a graduate student of Dr. Svanborg came rushing into her office with some weird news unrelated to the topic that he was actually researching. He had been looking for how mothers millk fights bacteria in a tissue culture (tissue cultures use cancer cells) and discovered that the milk also caused the cancer cells to disappear. When Svanborg looked into the microscope, she discovered that the cancer cells were "committing suicide!" The thing about cancer cells is that typically they reproduce forever without limits. What We Need to Know 1. Why are cancer cells used in tissue cultures even when researchers are not even 2. What is known about the life expectancy of most normal cells? How does that 3. What is the scientific name given to cells committing suicide? Why would cells 4. What does the discovery of cancer-killing effects of breast milk while looking for studying cancer? information relate to the first question? commit suicide normally? effects of milk on bacteria tell you about the process of science? Dr. Svanborg did not feel ready to share her knowledge with the world until August, 1995. In her background work, she discovered a piece of evidence that helped her theory that human milk can protect against cancer. The study showed that the risk of childhood lymphoma is nine times higher in bottle-fed infants. She and her student wondered if there was some connection in the breast feeding and the discovery that they had made in the lab. The actual portion of the breast milk that killed the cancerExplanation / Answer
1)where is national cancer institute?
ANSWER- National Cancer Institute (NCI) is situated in Rockville, Marryland, USA. It works on Anticancer strategies of prevention, diagnosis and cure.
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2)why did dr. Solomon say that novel ideas in science always challenge the current paradigms.? Isn’t science supposed to be about new ideas? try to justify what he meant by his statement.
ANSWER-Dr. Solomon says that science always challenges the current paradigms. It is true because any new discovery disturbs the already laid down notions. We hold on to our beliefs about something until a new knowledge changes our perception. This initial phase is challenging.
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3)why would a scientist like dr. Svanborg be reluctant to publish too soon an idea that breast milk fights cancer.
ANSWER- Dr. Svanberg is reluctant to publish too soon because see wants to gather sufficient experimental evidence in support of this idea. Also since her lab is relatively unknown , see definitely need some great experimental results to tackle the research done by big and famous institutes.
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4)why are cancer cells used in tissue culture even when researchers are not studying cancer.
ANSWER- Cancer cells have the ability to survive and divide continuously even in tissue culture plates. In tissue culture this property is used to maintain a cancer cell line. Studies can be conducted on them.
5) what is known about the life expectancy of normal cells, how does this information relate to the first question.
ANSWER- Normal cells die after certain period of time, It is programmed cell death. Normal cells cannot survive in tissue culture. That’s why cancer cells are used.
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6)what is the scientific name given to cells committing suicide. Why would cells commit suicide normally?
ANSWER- Apoptosis is process of programmed cell death. Cells commit suicide due to multiple reasons. In the structure formation of body certain cells have to die so that organisms body can take proper shape. This is how our fingers take shape, since the cells around them die.
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7)what does the discovery of cancer killing effects of milk while looking for effects of milk on bacteria tell you about process of science.?
ANSWER- This tells us about the discovery process in science. Most great discoveries in Science are made due to chance observation. Application of these discoveries can provide great benefit to mankind.
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8)what are the contents of human breast milk
ANSWER- Human milk contains Carbohydrate, fat, proteins like casein, lactoferrin in various amounts. They also contain antibody and many biologically active substances
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9)how does the finding that infants raised with breast milk were nine times less susceptible than bottle fed infants to lymphoma demonstrate that there may be a link between something in human milk and cancer destruction.
ANSWER- Lymphoma is a type of cancer. Since the breast fed infants show less susceptibility to lymphoma therefore it must mean that there is something in the milk which is inhibiting the cancer cells.
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10) how does one isolate a protein from something like milk.
ANSWER- By heating and adding an acidic solution like acetic acid, The proteins forms aggregates. This can be now filtered and separated easily.
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11) how are proteins made, what is their chemical nature?
ANSWER- Proteins are made up of amino acids, which in turn are made from the genes on DNA. Chemical a protein may be either negatively charged or positively charged, depending upt the functional group attached.
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12) what determines the shape of proteins?
ANSWER- Protein shape and structure depends ultimately on the amino acid sequence, The charges on these amino acids interact with each other to form the secondary and tertiary structure of protein. Multiple subunits form a quaternary structure.
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13)when shape is altered why is the functionality of protein altered? Give an example besides the alpha lac one.
ANSWER- When the 3d structure of protein gets altered, It looses its function, Because its activity is directly corelated with 3d structure and active sties created in moieties. Classical example is Boiling of eggs ,The albumin protein in egg gets denatured and becomes hard after boiling.
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14) why would dr. Svanberg need a seal of approval from the world of research scientist.
ANSWER-Dr. Svanberg will need a seal of approval from world of research scientist because in Scientific community it is very important to get your research reviewed by other scientists. The more the number of supporters to her Idea, The better are her chances of getting recognition for the work.
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15) how important are politics to research in science. give some examples.
ANSWER- Politics are important in Research in science because Funding of research is provided by government . Research direction is influenced by the inclinations of government. For example during World war, Most countries Invested heavily in research for better weapons. Nuclear bomb was a result of this. Antibiotics were also discovered during this time ,which helped in fast recovery and avoiding death due to infections.
16) how might the protein actually cause cell death to cancer cells and bacteria alike.
ANSWER- The protein might affect the cell metabolism machinery or replication mechanism. Either way cell will stop dividing and die. The protein is probably inhibiting a crucial process which is required for survival of cell.
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17) what is bad about chemotherapy to date.
ANSWER- Chemotherapy is one the treatments available for cancer. It contains a cocktail of medicines which kill cancer cells. Unfortunately, it also kills normal cells. Patients undergoing Chemotherapy loose their health due to this, they become very weak, suffer hairloss etc.
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18)why is testing on humans done in 3 stages? Why can’t the process be hurried up if it is known that a substance can kill cancer cells?
ANSWER- Testing in humans is done in 3 stages to avoid any mishap after the launch of medicine. If a patient dies after consuming the medicine it is both a lost of life and trust in medicine. The process takes times because of toxicity studies. We need to know that drug will kill only cancer cells, not normal healthy cells.
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19)how might the caution of drug companies actually delay the scientific process.
ANSWER- Caution of Drug companies can delay the scientific process. Because companies are not ready to test the drug soon, the efficacy will not be determined . To go ahead with further experiments and find alternative therapies we need to test quickly whether a drug works or not.
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20) why might the drug companies label the alpha-lac an ‘orphan drug “and cease any interest in it whatsoever.
ANSWER- If the companies feel they can’t profit form the drug , they wont adopt it for further research and clinical trials. This will lead to abandonment of the research being done on the drug making it like and “orphan drug”.
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